海角大神

Last week鈥檚 revelation that the Internal Revenue Service targeted conservative groups was met with near universal disapproval. The IRS singled out organizations with words like "tea party" and "patriot" in their name for scrutiny. In the words of Treasury officials, this focus was clearly 鈥渋nappropriate.鈥�

What鈥檚 less clear is whether the IRS鈥檚 motivations were partisan or practical. Were they deliberately trying to stifle conservative voices? Or were they simply using a shortcut to weed out new political groups who don鈥檛 meet tax-exempt status?聽Whatever the motivations, the results have drawn condemnation from across the political spectrum. But criticisms from the left have also been tinged with concern about how the episode would bolster the conservative argument against big government.

Many liberals worried the IRS scandal would feed what one Democratic aide called 鈥渢he right-wing paranoia that the government is out to get them.鈥澛燤SNBC host Chris Matthews grumbled recently, "They always expect the worst." But for conservatives, fear of federal agencies is rooted in history, not hysteria.

Fifty years ago this month, journalists Donald Janson and Bernard Eismann published 鈥淭he Far Right,鈥� a catalogue of conservative organizations across America.聽Raising the alarm about the coming conservative threat was something of a cottage industry in the early 1960s. 鈥淭he Far Right鈥� would share shelf-space with books like 鈥淭he Radical Right鈥� and 鈥淒anger on the Right.鈥� But what separated 鈥淭he Far Right鈥� from the rest was its revelation of the Reuther Memorandum.

Commissioned by Attorney General Robert Kennedy and penned by labor leader Victor Reuther, the 24-page memo detailed 鈥減ossible Administration policies and programs to combat the radical right.鈥�

Reuther defined the 鈥渞adical right鈥� as 鈥渂ounded on the left by Senator Goldwater and on the right by [John Birch Society founder] Robert Welch.鈥� And he suggested plenty of ways for the government to curtail the right鈥檚 influence, from putting conservatives on the attorney general鈥檚 subversive list to using the Federal Communications Commission to limit their airtime.

But the administration鈥檚 real power, Reuther argued, lay with the IRS. Conservative media and organizations needed money to function. Therefore, 鈥渁ction to dam up these funds may be the quickest way to turn the tide鈥� against right-wing groups.

He called for revocation of organizations鈥� tax-exempt status, a tactic similar to the approach which the IRS is currently under fire for possibly employing. Reuther also suggested the IRS investigate corporations that advertised in right-wing media, contending they were peddling propaganda rather than selling products.

Finally, Reuther hinted conservative donors and media personalities should be audited, noting 鈥渢here is the big question whether [they] are themselves complying with the tax laws.鈥�

While it is unclear whether the memo served as the basis for policy, during the Kennedy administration the IRS cracked down on 鈥渋deological organizations鈥� and the FCC targeted conservative broadcasters.

When conservatives learned of the memo鈥檚 existence in 1963, they began to see their audits and increased regulation as part of a larger effort to silence right-wing voices. Writing about the memo soon after it was made public, the National Review鈥檚 editors remarked, 鈥淸I]t is chilling to reflect on the fact that the machinery for intimidation, for discretionary harassment, is right there and in perfect running order.鈥�

That machinery 鈥� the federal bureaucracy 鈥� was conceived by the Progressives (and the goo-goos, their 鈥済ood government鈥� predecessors) as a haven from political influence rather than a repository of it. They believed that through civil-service reform they could create government without politics.

But as conservatives (as well as many on the left) have been constantly reminded 鈥� in battles over the Fairness Doctrine and tax-exempt status and subversive lists 鈥� power is never neutral.

In 1971, well before Americans were aware of the Nixon administration鈥檚 weaponized bureaucracy, conservative newspaper publisher Eugene Pulliam ran a lengthy ad in the Washington Post to make just this point.

Pulliam argued America had a three-party system: the Republicans, the Democrats, and the Bureaucrats. And the Bureaucrats, he said, were the 鈥渟trongest and most powerful鈥� because they are accountable to neither politicians nor public opinion.

Pulliam had a point. There were limits to what Nixon could make the IRS or the FBI do (and it鈥檚 hard to imagine a president trying harder than Nixon to make the bureaucracy bend to his will). Nor could the Reuther Memorandum transform the federal government into an efficient conservative-crushing machine. But it made clear that the right couldn鈥檛 count on the neutrality of the bureaucracy.

Yet the current IRS scandal demonstrates how far conservatives have come in 50 years. In 1963, the Reuther Memorandum gained traction in conservative media but nowhere else. It barely merited a mention beyond right-wing publications and broadcasts.

Today, the IRS story 鈥� whether it turns out the IRS had partisan intentions in discriminating against right-wing groups or not 鈥� is at the center of national debate. As it should be. However Americans may disagree about the role of government, the dangers of politicized bureaucracy are not necessarily the fever-dreams of a paranoid mind but appear to be one of the troubling realities of modern governance.

Nicole Hemmer is a research associate at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney. She also teaches history at the University of Miami.