海角大神

It鈥檚 late Sunday afternoon and the church meeting hall still smells like pupusas as Carlos Ramos rubs his neck and reflects on his 15 years handling turkeys at a nearby poultry plant in Virginia鈥檚 Shenandoah Valley.聽

鈥淭he human body adapts to the work,鈥� he says through an interpreter.聽

But the work hasn鈥檛 yet been adapted to the human body, he says. So this fall, Mr. Ramos says, he鈥檒l get surgery 鈥� on his own dime 鈥� to repair two slipped discs in his neck.聽

Originally from El Salvador, Mr. Ramos has organized the meeting at this church to discuss a presidential decision in 2018 to end temporary protected status for him and other immigrants 鈥� many of whom work with him and experience similar injuries. Now, many of them face the possibility of deportation if the federal policy survives court challenges.

The pairing of those two concerns 鈥� tough work conditions and immigration status 鈥� isn鈥檛 a mere coincidence. Poultry processing is one of the most dangerous jobs in the country, according to federal data. Workers are exposed to chemicals and use knives and scissors in cold, slippery conditions. Injury rates have decreased significantly over the past 25 years, but there remains a persistent problem of underreporting.

The jobs have also been increasingly filled by immigrants. Experts say the patterns reflect race-to-the-bottom forces in an industry that is labor intensive, price competitive, and which operates largely out of the public eye.

鈥淭heir business model is to find the most vulnerable workers 鈥� workers聽who will keep their head down and just do the work and won鈥檛 complain, and when they get injured, they leave,鈥� says Debbie Berkowitz, former chief of staff at the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 how the industry is able to rely on immigrant workers.鈥�

ICE-raid tremors

The industry鈥檚 heavy reliance on immigrants聽鈥嬧�� often a mix of legal and unauthorized 鈥嬧�撀爓as highlighted in August by immigration enforcement raids in Mississippi. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raided seven chicken processing plants and arrested nearly 700 unauthorized immigrants.聽

The raid sent shock waves throughout the industry, yet the plants were able to remain open. Even as the industry scrambles to fill vacant jobs, labor activists say it is workers, more than corporations, who face deepening uncertainty. Worries over immigration status and enforcement are now piled on top of workers who feel little ability to advocate for themselves or organize.

Mr. Ramos鈥� experience is a case study in the challenges workers confront. Three years ago, he and others tried to start a union to improve working conditions at their plant in Dayton, just southwest of Harrisonburg. They put pressure on management and worked with community members to stage protests, but it wasn鈥檛 enough. Their former office in Harrisonburg is now empty.

鈥淚 was one of the few workers who talked to the supervisors during break time and participated in any march in front of them,鈥� said Mr. Ramos. 鈥淚t was just a few of us who went out to see these [protests]. I was really frustrated.鈥�

Union organizing can be difficult anywhere in America. But that鈥檚 particularly true in the southeastern states where the poultry industry is concentrated, where laws are less welcoming to unions.聽

The need for speed

Since its inception, poultry processing has had a history of low wages and poor working conditions. Birds speed along a conveyor belt while human hands cut, debone, and bag them 鈥� nimble, precise tasks that have resisted automation and made companies heavily reliant upon human labor.聽聽

鈥淏ecause it is a labor intensive industry, labor costs are one of the few areas that you need to worry about,鈥� says Roger Horowitz, a food historian. 鈥淎nd that intrinsically makes these firms resistant to union labor ... because they want to maintain that kind of control.鈥�

The industry boomed in the 1990s, as chicken rose alongside pork and beef on American menus. Long reliant on lower-income African American and white workers, companies met that demand by recruiting thousands of Hispanic immigrants.

Mr. Ramos became part of the shift when he arrived over 20 years ago in the Shenandoah Valley 鈥� considered by some the birthplace of the modern poultry industry. Now he鈥檚 among thousands of Hispanic workers in the region鈥檚 poultry plants.聽

Worker turnover is high and lines are understaffed, says Jose Cruz Barahona, who is retired after 15 years at the Dayton plant.聽

鈥淣ow that there鈥檚 less workers, the work is so much harder. But it always ends up getting done,鈥� he says through an interpreter. 鈥淭he American worker isn鈥檛 able to keep up with that. It鈥檚 only the immigrant worker, the Latino worker that stays.鈥�

Staying carries risks. Nationwide, about every other day between 2015 and 2018, a worker lost a body part or was sent to the hospital for in-patient treatment. An ammonia leak earlier this summer sent several workers at the Dayton Cargill plant to the hospital.聽

One of the largest poultry companies, Cargill disputes the view that workers are at risk, saying in a written statement that 鈥渨e believe safe operations are the cornerstone of productive operations. We take a balanced approach to incentives that focuses on factors such as safety performance, food safety and quality, employee engagement, process efficiencies and productivity.鈥�

鈥淥SHA never does anything鈥�

But some recent national trends raise concerns. The industry just successfully lobbied the Trump administration to increase the line speed. OSHA is operating with the fewest safety and health inspectors in its 48-year history, and a federal court ruling last year may limit the scope of agency inspections. Furthermore, a Government Accountability Office report revealed that OSHA may not be aware of the scope of problems because workers are reluctant to contact the agency for fear of employer retaliation.聽

鈥淥SHA never does anything. They come to investigate and they just go to human resources,鈥� says Wilfredo Flores, a former Dayton worker who says Cargill fired him in 2016 for talking publicly about the plant鈥檚 working conditions, a charge Cargill disputes. 鈥淭hirteen years there, I never had OSHA ask me how I was being treated.鈥�

Amid complaints, poultry companies have added 鈥渉ealth clinics鈥� to address injuries on-site in recent decades. But that doesn鈥檛 address the fear that still exists in the plants, says Salvador Portillo, who has worked at the Dayton plant for 25 years.

鈥淧eople are afraid to go to the company doctor,鈥� he says, referring to employee concerns that managers may count it against them.聽

Seeking a union

When Mr. Ramos and other workers tried to unionize the Dayton plan, one hurdle was the state鈥檚 鈥渞ight to work鈥� legal landscape and a trend of decline for organized labor.

Some poultry plants had been unionized in the past, but by the 1990s 鈥渢he industry started hiring more immigrant and undocumented labor, groups [that] are less likely to participate in union activities,鈥� says Ted Genoways, author of a book about labor conditions in the meatpacking industry.

That fed another challenge: simply communicating. The Dayton plant had over 1,100 workers working various shifts around the clock, and a substantial refugee population speaking nine different languages.聽

Their prospects for rallying workers grew still bleaker when Cargill learned about the effort and hired a labor relations consultancy known for union-busting tactics.

鈥淭he resistance to the union was strong by the employer, a powerful multinational company,鈥� says Jonathan Williams, communications director for the union involved, the United Food and Commercial Workers Local 400.聽

The union campaign fizzled out last year. But Mr. Ramos is happy they tried. Wages have gone up, bonuses are more frequent, and workers doing more strenuous work get paid more, he says.

鈥淩ight now Cargill is the one that鈥檚 doing a little bit better with its workers,鈥� he says. 鈥淚 think part of that was what happened with the union.鈥澛�

The Dayton plant might be an outlier, however. A recent lawsuit alleges that top companies conspired to keep immigrant wages low. And although the ICE raids come amid pledges by President Donald Trump to crack down on illegal immigration, activists also claim company owners are using ICE raids to retaliate against workers who have organized or publicly decried conditions, including the Mississippi raids in September.

鈥淲hat鈥檚 going on there is an American argument that if you come and endure all of this, you鈥檙e working towards something, you鈥檙e building a nest egg for you and your family, your kids will be born into citizenship,鈥� says Mr. Genoways. 鈥淎ll of those minor promises have been made to that workforce for a generation. And now, as there鈥檚 a growing anxiety about the number of people who have taken that deal, there鈥檚 this move at a political level to remove those benefits.鈥�

It happened here in Virginia, too: Immigration officials raided the Dayton plant in 2008 because they suspected Cargill knowingly hired over 400 unauthorized employees. Mr. Ramos says the hiring practices changed, but labor conditions did not. Now, more than a decade later, he鈥檚 still bagging turkeys to keep his family 鈥� including his American-born daughter 鈥� afloat.聽

鈥淗ispanic people are sort of modern slaves of this country,鈥� he says. 鈥淲e鈥檙e slaves because we have to ask permission on the line to go to the bathroom, to ask for this, to ask for that. We have our car, we have our house 鈥� but under a certain system.鈥�