海角大神

Thanks to Baz Luhrmann's new movie, readers everywhere are taking a second look at "The Great Gatsby." That includes the Connecticut prison where I conduct a class in literature.

Of course my student-inmates had their own unique take on the book 鈥� and it was a view much more pragmatic than romantic.

The character they felt influenced Gatsby the most? Not Daisy Buchanan. She was dismissed as too obvious or too trivial. Instead they favored a character who surfaces only briefly: the gambler and unrefined 鈥渞eminiscencer鈥� Meyer Wolfsheim.聽

My students admired Wolfsheim, the character who unabashedly sports 鈥渃uff-buttons鈥� made from 鈥渢he finest specimens of human molars"; a man who resembles a 鈥渞eal life鈥� racketeer, mobster, and high-roller; the figure who fixed the 1919 World Series and undermined the national pastime, so he 鈥渃ould play with the faith of fifty million people, with the single-mindedness of a burglar blowing a safe," and who 鈥渟aw the opportunity鈥� and was so smart that he was never jailed for the fix.

And while my students gave Wolfsheim his 鈥減rops,鈥� they also allocated some admiration to Gatsby. But what they felt mostly was envy mixed with incredulity 鈥� and disdain for his devotion to Daisy. (鈥淕et over it, Slick. Move on, fellow.鈥�)

Scholars of the suspicious and the shady, post-graduates in sharp practice and 鈥減ersuasion,鈥� my students took inventory of Gatsby鈥檚 鈥渞ides,鈥� his Prince Charming shirts, the draw and excesses of his 鈥�shambanginos鈥� 鈥� and then, of course, his 鈥渃rib.鈥�

The question that we came back to again and again was: 鈥淲hat made Gatsby great?鈥� Was it the 鈥渨heels,鈥� the clothes, the parties, the mansion? The extravagance? The aspirations?

The answer, I suggested, comes toward the end of the book via Henry C. Gatz 鈥� Jay Gatsby鈥檚 father.聽

I鈥檝e looked up a number of reviews that were published when the book first appeared in May and June of 1925. Henry C. Gatz isn鈥檛 mentioned at all. And yet he does provide the single bit of documentary evidence of what made Gatsby Gatsby.聽聽聽聽

We first learn of 鈥� and meet 鈥� Henry C. Gatz toward the end of the book.聽 He is 鈥渁 solemn old man鈥� who is genuinely saddened by his son鈥檚 death but who can鈥檛 help but marvel at the splendor of his son鈥檚 life: 鈥淗is eyes leaked continuously with excitement....鈥澛�

Fitzgerald describes Gatz鈥檚 sad pleasure as he takes in (for the first time) his son鈥檚 acquisitions and surroundings: Gatz 鈥渉ad reached an age where death no longer has the quality of ghastly surprise, and when he looked around him ... and saw the height and splendor of the hall and the great rooms opening out from it into other rooms, his grief began to be mixed with an awed pride.鈥�

Gatz sees the splendor as the emblems of a station realized, a life (seemingly) fulfilled. If Jay Gatsby (the former Jimmy Gatz) had lived, he would have become an industrialist, a magnate, a mogul of wide renown and stature. Gatz believes his son would have helped 鈥渂uild up the country.鈥� Maybe. Maybe not.

To some extent, my students overlaid their aspirations onto Gatsby鈥檚 romantic longings, his preoccupations 鈥� his obsession and bad judgment. He hadn鈥檛 been done in by the kinds of bad 鈥渂ets鈥� that had them doing time. But Gatsby had been done in by mistaken identity. In a way, he had been wrongly accused and unfairly condemned for a crime he didn鈥檛 commit. The students found that 鈥渃onviction鈥� to be something that they could understand.

But prior to that 鈥渟entencing,鈥� Gatsby had been able to close in on his dream. And so we wonder, how did he amass what he was able to amass? How was he able to pay for that waterside mansion and the best cars, clothes, food, and entertainment? By ill-gotten gains? By swindling?聽

My students acknowledged that for all his generosity, Gatsby was far from virtuous. He was no moral Mahatma. He wasn鈥檛 among the ethical elite. Here are the multiple-choice 鈥渃ards鈥� I dealt out to the inmate-students:

Jay Gatsby was great because 鈥�

a. he gave the grandest parties with the biggest orchestras, the best music, and the most extravagant fare.

b. he wore spiffy shoes, nifty jackets, and beautiful shirts; and drove a big roadster and lived in an awesome mansion furnished with expensive things and interesting people.

c. he was a man of mystery and power, and he knew how to use his power and mystery.

d. he was an incurable, obsessed, romantic.

OR

e. because of the determination and discipline that he himself chronicled at the age of sixteen.

Closing in on the book鈥檚 conclusion, we are provided with the answer. Just prior to his son鈥檚 funeral, Gatz shows Nick 鈥渁 ragged old copy鈥� of a book (鈥淗opalong Cassidy鈥�) that his son had used to record his personal agenda. On a blank page at the end of the text, sixteen-year-old Jimmy Gatz had set out the game-plan for his transformation into Jay Gatsby, via this schedule:

Rise from bed 鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹��..聽聽 6:00 A.M.

Dumbbell exercise and wall-scaling 鈥︹�β� 6:15 鈥� 6:30聽聽聽聽 聽聽

Study electricity, etc. 鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�β� 7:15 鈥� 8:15 聽聽 聽聽

Work 鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹��.聽 8:30 鈥� 4:30

Baseball and sports 鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�� 4:30 鈥� 5:00

Practice elocution, poise and how to attain it 鈥︹�︹�︹�� 5:00 鈥� 6:00

Study needed inventions 鈥︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�︹�β� 聽 7:00 鈥� 9:00

Right under this schedule, young Jimmy Gatz had set out his "general resolves":聽 He resolves to no longer waste time at a place that might have been a saloon or a pool hall. He resolves to save at least three dollars every week. He鈥檚 not going to smoke or chew tobacco. He will bathe every other day. And he will read one improving book or magazine per week and be better to his parents.

Would it have made a difference to my students 鈥� now sitting in their prison classroom 鈥� if they had read 鈥淭he Great Gatsby鈥� in their early teens?聽

A number of them said they were going to pass their copies of the book along to their sons and nephews.

Will 16-year-old Jimmy Gatz鈥檚 schedule and his general resolves make a difference in their lives? Do you think that Wolfsheim would bet on it?

Joseph H. Cooper teaches ethics and media law at Quinnipiac University.聽 His 鈥淧auses and Moments鈥� columns appear at PsychologyToday.com.