G20: Paving the way for a new Great Depression?
At the G20 summit in Toronto, world leaders agreed to halve deficits in three years. At least one prominent economist says spending, not cuts, is what's needed.
President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron, left, shake hands during their bilateral meeting on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Toronto, Saturday.
Charles Dharapak/AP
Washington
World leaders have pledged to slash the government deficits of industrialized countries by half over the next three years. Is that goal, set at the just-concluded G20 summit in Toronto, fiscal prudence 鈥� or the prelude to the next Great Depression?
Paul Krugman believes it鈥檚 the latter. In a widely read Monday New York Times column, the Nobel Prize-winning liberal economist writes that he fears the world is in the early stages of a third depression, an economic downturn as dire as the years that followed the Panic of 1873 or the Great Depression of the early 20th century.
The problem, according to Mr. Krugman, is that governments are obsessing about inflation and debt when the real threat is deflation and unemployment. The world does not need more belt-tightening, he writes. It needs more stimulus programs.
鈥淭he real problem is inadequate spending,鈥� writes Krugman.
That鈥檚 not the way European leaders see things. German Chancellor Angela Merkel and others see budget retrenchment as the industrialized nations鈥� top priority. Otherwise, they feel, the world risks spending itself into insolvency, and credit crises won鈥檛 be limited to Greece, Spain, and other nations on the periphery of the Euro zone.
The goals set at the just-concluded G20 summit in Toronto are not exactly a return to Herbert Hoover-style austerity, point out other analysts. There is enough wiggle room in the wording of the agreement for nations to go their own ways, within limits.
The G20 endorsed a goal of cutting government deficits in half by 2013 and stabilizing the ratio of public debt to gross national product by 2016. But the goal was expressed as an expectation, not a firm deadline. And the final communiqu茅 said deficit reduction would be 鈥渢ailored to national circumstances.鈥� In other words, the US and other nations still have the flexibility to implement vastly different national policies.
鈥淭he communiqu茅 produced by the G20鈥檚 Toronto summit on June 27 mustered all the blandness that is typical of such documents,鈥� writes Sebastian Mallaby, a senior fellow for international economics at the Council on Foreign Relations, in an analysis of the summit鈥檚 outcome.
President Obama, for his part, said he was in agreement with the need to reduce debt over time. But he and other US officials remain at least as concerned about continued efforts to stimulate job growth.
The problem for the White House is that Congress is increasingly leery of spending money on any new large programs. That鈥檚 why legislation that would extend unemployment benefits, among other things, is currently stuck in the Senate.
鈥淎merica is itself 鈥� through congressional inaction 鈥� on the verge of reversing its domestic fiscal stimulus,鈥� writes Jacob Funk Kirkegaard, a senior fellow at the Peterson Center for International Economics, in his own G20 analysis.
The New York Times鈥� Krugman sees in all this parallels with the past. Following the Panic of 1873, unemployment remained stubbornly high for years. In 1933, US economic activity turned upwards, and the US government cut stimulus activities 鈥� and the Great Depression came roaring back.
However, these periods aren鈥檛 exactly analogous to today, says Scott Nelson, a professor of history at William and Mary and an expert on past US depressions.
In 1873, for instance, joblessness remained high on the East coast, as immigrants flooded into the US from Europe. But out in what was then the US West, and is today the Rust Belt, new industries were beginning to emerge.
As to today, it remains unknown just how much Obama鈥檚 big stimulus package contributed to the ongoing economic recovery, says Nelson, author of the forthcoming book 鈥淐rash: An Uncommon History of America鈥檚 Financial Disasters.鈥� That means it is not necessarily foreordained that another such effort is necessary.
鈥淚鈥檓 not sure I quite believe that鈥檚 right 鈥� that we just need more stimulus spending,鈥� he says.
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