海角大神

The Bedouins of the southern Negev desert have volunteered for the Israeli military, worked as trackers along the Lebanese and Egyptian borders, and gone along with various Israeli development projects that have required them to give up their nomadic way of life and听relocate.听听

But they feel betrayed听now听by the latest Israeli government project, a $5.6 billion initiative called the Begin-Prawar plan that听will free up space for Israeli development of the Negev by relocating Bedouins in the area if it is approved by the Knesset after听it returns from recess next month.听

The Israeli government has slated for eviction 40,000 Bedouins in 鈥渦nrecognized鈥� villages throughout the southern Negev, which are ineligible for basic services such as electricity, water, or sanitation because听they are on disputed land and were built without state permission.

Some of the villages will be granted status听as formal towns, entitled to state and municipal services including schools, sewage, and healthcare facilities. 听 Residents of the other villages will be resettled into seven existing approved townships.

The government says the move will improve Bedouins鈥� standards of living and describes it as听an opportunity for integration into mainstream society,听while many Bedouins say that being disconnected from their traditional agricultural land and lifestyle will mean cultural extinction.听

The draft law will 鈥渕ake it possible for Bedouin children to leap in time into the midst of the 21st听century,鈥� said Benny Begin, a former minister and one of the creators of the plan听

Bedouins have historically been one of Israel鈥檚 weakest populations, facing discrimination and disproportionally high rates of illiteracy and unemployment.听 In 2007, more than two-thirds of the Bedouin in the Negev lived below the poverty line, more than four times that of Israeli households, according to the National Insurance Institute.

Half of the 200,000 Bedouins of the Negev 鈥� descendants of semi-nomadic tribes 鈥� have already voluntarily relocated to urban centers, where crime and poverty are rampant, and, in some cases, running water and electricity are still lacking.

But many Bedouins, who have worked for the state and for Jewish farms in the region, see it as a betrayal and a violation of their rights as听Israeli听citizens.

鈥淚t鈥檚 an exile plan,鈥� says Bedouin Atiyeh el-Ghassan, who represents the 鈥渦nrecognized鈥� villages in the听Beersheva听district听court.听

He says that Bedouins were not consulted during the planning process, and that as Jewish agricultural communities are growing throughout the Negev,听traditionally nomadic and pastoral听Bedouins are being forced to urbanize.听Many Bedouins say such projects have left their way of life and identity in tatters.听

Refusing to be relocated

The Bedouin village of Al Araqib has steadfastly refused to be relocated. Since 2010, Israeli forces have razed homes and uprooted olive听groves here 57 times, claiming that residents are illegal trespassers, according to long-standing land disputes.听听The village鈥檚 only surviving structure is听a century-old Islamic cemetery.

Hakmeh Abu Medeighim lives in a shoddy wooden tent next door. She and a handful of other families have refused to leave their ancestral lands, strewn with rubble from their homes that were razed, rebuilt, and razed again.听Though pine trees stand where their olive trees once were, they pledge that they will die in this harsh desert 鈥渆ven if mourners will have no water for the ritual prayer,鈥� says听Al Araqib鈥檚 elder, Sheikh Sayyah al-Turi.

He听has听been waging a losing battle in municipal courts to prove land ownership, using pre-1948 land deeds 鈥� rejected by Israel 鈥� as his only legal documents.

He didn鈥檛 always have to fight, but听growing racism in the government听has eroded respect for the Bedouin community, allowing things like the Prawar plan to come about, he argues.

鈥淔rom the creation of the state of Israel onwards, Israel said, 鈥楤edouins are our best Arab brothers in the country,鈥欌�� says Sheikh al-Turi, in Hebrew. 鈥淥nly now they call us 鈥榯respassers,鈥� 鈥榗riminals.鈥欌��

Pioneers

But, beginning in 1999, the quasi-governmental Jewish National Fund听began trying听to lure 鈥減ioneering鈥� Israelis away from overpopulated, expensive coastal areas听by promising cheaper housing and a relaxed lifestyle.听Suddenly, the arid desert region was considered valuable.

Marginalization and common experiences with Palestinians have led younger generations of Bedouins听identify more closely with Palestinians than Israelis.

鈥淲e feel alienated in this country that treats us as second-class citizens,鈥� says activist听Amir Abo Kweder. He and fellow villagers protest the Prawar plan听alongside droves of听Israeli Arabs, and in coordination with Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza, under banners such as 鈥淣akba in the Negev.鈥�

鈥淲hile Bedouins have preserved a very strong local identity as Bedouins or Muslims, exposure to Palestinian culture and proximity to the occupied territories has nationalized them,鈥� says Thabet Abu Ras, director of Adalah, an advocacy group for Israel鈥檚 1.7 million听Arab citizens.

However, this new alliance, serves a Palestinian agenda听interested in garnering more Arab support,听鈥渘ot really interested in having Bedouins progress,鈥� says Lirit Serphos, the Israeli听government's policy director for Bedouins in the Negev.听

Israel sees Bedouins as a minority group entitled to basic services, she says, but these services do not include support for sprawling, 鈥渦neconomical鈥� villages.

鈥淭heir wish for their kids to be shepherds, and for Israel not to touch their traditions is a really romantic view that our government cannot tolerate,"听Ms. Serphos says. Development of the Negev is a high government priority.

But听life in听existing听Israeli-built听Bedouin towns is not necessarily an improvement, even with some basic services.听Rahat, the largest Bedouin city, is rife with crime, and receives a score of 1 on a 10-point scale of the government's national socioeconomic indicator. Many Bedouins there, all of whom relocated voluntarily, work 12-hour days in low-tech factory jobs, and return only to sleep in characterless dormitories crowded by large families and, occasionally, livestock in the yard.

The Prawar Plan seeks to address systemic poverty issues.听One of its main goals is to promote education and employment amongst Bedouin women听by offering opportunities in the high-tech and industrial companies now being constructed in the Negev.听

But if the efforts are not organic and local, Bedouin women may actually suffer more,听says Amal Al-Mufassa, who runs Sidreh-Lakiyeh, an NGO backing small businesses owned by Bedouin women.听One 70 women-strong initiative based out of Lakiya, an official town, sells traditional handicrafts and rugs woven from local Bedouin wool.

鈥淔or empowerment to work, it has to be local,鈥� says Ms. Al-Mufassa.听 鈥淭hey want to integrate the modern and the traditional, not to choose one side.鈥澨�