Games for Change do more than just entertain
鈥淭his War of Mine鈥� has many of the hallmarks of a typical video game: breathtaking graphics, haunting violence, and, of course, explosions.
But this game has a very different objective from those found in most war-themed games. Instead of storming cities and eliminating the enemy, players are tasked with the daunting challenge of keeping civilians alive amid the siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian war.
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This unique approach to a war game is just one of a growing number of video games designed with a greater purpose than simply entertainment. Some, like 鈥淭his War of Mine,鈥� seek to promote empathy and cooperation. Others strive to make learning fun by camouflaging history and math as game play. Still others aim to transform stereotypes by portraying minorities as protagonists.
鈥淲hat you can do with entertainment is incredible, you can touch people and you can change the world,鈥� documentary filmmaker Morgan Spurlock told an auditorium full of video game enthusiasts attending the 12th annual Games for Change Festival in New York in late April.
The gamers and developers in attendance nodded enthusiastically as Mr. Spurlock spoke, and spent much of their time during the three-day event discussing how video games can address a range of social problems such as depression, obesity, and discrimination. Others focused on how to create educational games that kids actually want to play.
When Lauri Jarvilehto, a Finnish philosopher and representative of the entertainment media company Rovio Fun Learning, heard about a new video game that taught quantum physics, he was skeptical that young kids could learn such complex theories through a game.
鈥淏ut then I saw my three-year-old playing a game with his eyes lit up, completely mesmerized, cracking equations with four or five parameters in them. And he doesn鈥檛 even realize that he鈥檚 learning algebra, for crying out loud,鈥� Mr. Jarvilehto says. 鈥淗e was just having fun. That鈥檚 when I realized it鈥檚 not such an exaggeration after all.鈥�
Educational video games have been in schools since computers first entered classrooms in the 1980s. Students were eager to take a break from their desks to play on the computer, but not many kids were so interested in bringing 鈥淥regon Trail鈥� or 鈥淢ath Munchers鈥� home.
The runaway success of 鈥淢inecraft鈥� shows that there is some appetite for cognitively challenging video games. The open-ended 鈥渟andbox鈥� game 鈥� think Sim City built entirely with digital Legos 鈥� incorporates math, geometry, and physics into game play. Despite simple block-style graphics, 鈥淢inecraft鈥� has become one of the most successful games of all time, selling more than 50 million copies worldwide.
The success of Meg Jayanth鈥檚 鈥�80 days鈥� is evidence of a growing appetite for alternative gaming options with characters from less-traditional backgrounds. The 2014 Time magazine best game of the year is a reimagining of Jules Verne鈥檚 classic听 鈥淎round the World in Eighty Days鈥� featuring prominent gay, female, and even disabled characters.
鈥淕etting to re-write the stories so that marginalized people would be in the narrative, where people like me are heroes, that鈥檚 really powerful,鈥� says Ms. Jayanth, writer of the game 80 days, which was Time magazine鈥檚 best game of the year for 2014.
But there has been backlash within the gaming community against the decision to include more diverse characters, such as people of color, and gay, lesbian, and transgender characters.
鈥淭he default is invisible, no one ever thinks about why a straight, white guy is there,鈥� notes David Gaider, writer of the game Dragon Age. 鈥淚 look forward to the day when we can have these characters [diverse characters] and it won鈥檛 be a big deal.鈥�
Questions remain about whether more than a select few positive games can compete with commercial games in the marketplace, and whether learning games and games for change will really chip into the time kids spend at home playing traditional games that are often full of violence.
鈥淚 think kids are more inclined to buy into something that looks like a game, and designers with better budgets are going to be more successful. When kids play games they want to play for leisure. Their goal isn鈥檛 to be educated,鈥� says Fran Blumberg, a Fordham University professor and editor of the book 鈥淟earning by Playing: Video Gaming in Education.鈥� 鈥淩ight now, the types of games people are playing are still commercial, off-the-shelf games.鈥�
Still, given the size of the market, progressive gaming advocates see ample room for educational and pro-social titles.
More than two thirds of American households, or 67 percent, play video games on a weekly basis. And far from the stereotype of pre-teen and teenage males, the average player is 31 years old, according to data from the Entertainment Software Association (ESA), while 48 percent of video-game users are female. Moreover, the video-game industry was a $90 billion industry worldwide in 2013, and is expected to be a $110 billion industry in 2015.
This wide reach provides an important opportunity to expose a captive audience to different ways of thinking, and to promote positive behaviors, advocates say.
One way to tap into that market is to cater to the increasingly large percentage of gamers who do not fit the stereotypical gamer profile of a young, antisocial, male.
Games like 鈥淣ever Alone,鈥� which features a Alaskan I帽upiat characters, is one example of developers seeking to broaden diversity in game titles. The game鈥檚 writers say that when young people see characters that look like them and are representative of their culture, it can make a big difference to their self-esteem and sense of identity, thus preventing suicide and depression.
A growing number of parents 鈥� 68 percent, according to the ESA听 鈥� see video games as a potentially positive influence on children. And research is starting to back that up.
鈥淐onsidering these potential benefits is important, in part, because the nature of these games has changed dramatically in the last decade, becoming increasingly
complex, diverse, realistic, and social in nature,鈥� researchers Isabela Granic, Adam Lobel, and Rutger Engels wrote in a research paper "The Benefits of Playing Video Games."
鈥淭his industry has been growing so exponentially, we need to recognize the impact that it can have and what we can do to make change happen.鈥� Mr. Spurlock says.
In order to help game developers promote their work, the nonprofit organization Games for Change was founded in 2004 as a platform to facilitate the creation and distribution of social impact games.
Games for Change "is a platform for others to shine," says Asi Burak, president of Games for Change and an award-winning game designer. "We have an event where people can pitch ideas to funders, we encourage matchmaking, networking, public arcades for people to test out games.
"We also have an advisory service. Different projects are touched in different ways. I want to help others because I know how difficult it is.鈥�
Games for Change currently has 133 games on its site.
As games for social change become more common, their quality is improving and their creators are becoming more business savvy, making the games more competitive in the marketplace, advocates say.
鈥淲hen we first did Peace Maker, an award-winning game that allows players to take a lead role in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, it wasn鈥檛 sustainable, there was no means to publish, distribution was limited,"听 Mr. Burak says.
"In the last one or two years, these games have become sustainable in the marketplace. The games are higher quality, distribution is more straightforward. They get good traction in the market.鈥�
鈥淧eace Maker was one of the few games that had the potential to make people think differently about social issues,鈥� Professor Blumberg says. 鈥淚f you鈥檙e trying to teach something, it should be integral to the mode of delivery, to the storyline of the game, and to the game mechanics. Too often in these games you have the social component as an add-on.鈥�
Still, Burak confirms that the majority of his organization鈥檚 revenue does not come from games sales, but instead comes from ticket sales for festivals, grants, and sponsors. Some attendees noted that it鈥檚 rare for social good game designers to receive venture capital funding.
Nevertheless, games for social change proponents say they will continue to work together until they revolutionize the video game industry.
鈥淲e鈥檙e at a really pivotal point where these games are going to hit the mainstream big time,鈥� Mr. Jarvilehto says.
