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Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny was arrested Sunday at a Moscow airport as he tried to enter the country from Germany, where he had spent five months recovering from nerve agent poisoning that he blames on the Kremlin.

Mr. Navalny鈥檚 detention at passport control in Moscow鈥檚 Sheremetyevo airport was widely expected because Russia鈥檚 prisons service said he had violated parole terms from a suspended sentence on a 2014 embezzlement conviction.

The prisons service said he would be held in custody until a court rules on his case. No date for a court appearance was immediately announced. The service earlier said that it would seek to have Mr. Navalny serve his 3 1/2-year sentence behind bars.

Mr. Navalny, 44, who is President Vladimir Putin鈥檚 most prominent and determined foe, brushed off concerns about arrest as he boarded the plane in Berlin.

鈥淚t鈥檚 impossible. I鈥檓 an innocent man,鈥� he said.

The arrest raises tensions in Russia as it approaches national parliament elections this year, in which Mr. Navalny鈥檚 organization is expected to be active in trying to defeat pro-Kremlin candidates. Mr. Navalny decided to leave Berlin of his own free will and wasn鈥檛 under any apparent pressure to leave from Germany.

鈥淭his is a real act of bravery for Alexei Navalny to return to Russia, given that government agents already tried to kill him once,鈥� Human Rights Watch Executive Director Kenneth Roth tweeted. 鈥淏ut he understandably wants to be part of the pro-democracy movement in Russia, not a dissident in exile.鈥�

Mr. Putin鈥檚 spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, responded to a question about the arrest by saying 鈥淲as he arrested in Germany? I鈥檓 not up to date,鈥� according to the online news site Podyom. Mr. Peskov, like Mr. Putin, is noted for avoiding saying Navalny鈥檚 name.

Mr. Navalny has sizable popularity in Moscow. Many supporters on Sunday went to Vnukovo airport where his flight was scheduled to land, though it was diverted to Sheremetyevo without explanation.

The OVD-Info organization that monitors political arrests said at least 53 people were arrested, including Navalny supporters and journalists, at Vnukovo, where where the arrivals hall had been blocked off and prisoner transport vehicles were parked outside. There were at least three detentions at Sheremetyevo, it said.

The independent newspaper Novaya Gazeta and opposition social media reported Sunday that several Navalny supporters in St. Petersburg had been removed from Moscow-bound trains or been prevented from boarding flights late Saturday and early Sunday, including the coordinator of his staff for the region of Russia鈥檚 second-largest city.

Mr. Navalny fell into a coma while aboard a domestic flight from Siberia to Moscow on Aug. 20. He was transferred from a hospital in Siberia to a Berlin hospital two days later.

Labs in Germany, France and Sweden, and tests by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, established that he was exposed to a Soviet-era Novichok nerve agent.

Russian authorities insisted that the doctors who treated Mr. Navalny in Siberia before he was airlifted to Germany found no traces of poison and have challenged German officials to provide proof of his poisoning. Russia refused to open a full-fledged criminal inquiry, citing a lack of evidence that Mr. Navalny was poisoned.

Last month, Mr. Navalny released the recording of a phone call he said he made to a man he described as an alleged member of a group of officers of the Federal Security Service, or FSB, who purportedly poisoned him in August and then tried to cover it up. The FSB dismissed the recording as fake.

Mr. Navalny has been a thorn in the Kremlin鈥檚 side for a decade, unusually durable in an opposition movement often demoralized by repressions.

He has been jailed repeatedly in connection with protests and twice was convicted of financial misdeeds in cases that he said were politically motivated. He suffered significant eye damage when an assailant threw disinfectant into his face and was taken from jail to a hospital in 2019 with an illness that authorities said was an allergic reaction but that many suspected was poisoning.

A lawyer by training, he began his rise to prominence by focusing on corruption in Russia鈥檚 murky mix of politics and business. In 2008, he bought shares in Russian oil and gas companies, so he could push for transparency as an activist shareholder.

Mr. Navalny鈥檚 work to expose corrupt elites had a pocketbook appeal to the Russian people鈥檚 widespread sense of being cheated. Russia鈥檚 state-controlled television channels ignored Mr. Navalny, but his investigations of dubious contracts and officials鈥� luxurious lifestyles got wide attention through the back channels of YouTube videos and social media posts that often showed his sardonic sense of humor.

In 2013, he placed second in the race for Moscow mayor behind the candidate of Mr. Putin鈥檚 power-base United Russia party. That established him as a formidable force and a worry to the Kremlin.

He intended to run for president in 2018, but was kept off the ballot because of his previous criminal convictions. His own legal obstacles and the widespread obstruction authorities set before other independent candidates seeking public office led Mr. Navalny and his organization to adopt a new strategy for the 2019 Moscow city council elections.

The 鈥淪mart Vote鈥� initiative analyzed which candidate in each district appeared to have the best chance of beating United Russia鈥檚 pick and tried to drum up support for that candidate.

The initiative appeared to be a success, with nearly half of the city council seats going to 鈥渟ystemic opposition鈥� candidates, although its effectiveness couldn鈥檛 be quantified. Mr. Navalny intends to redeploy the same strategy in this year鈥檚 national parliament elections.

This story was reported by the Associated Press.聽Geir Moulson in Berlin contributed to this report.