海角大神

When guests, particularly foreigners, enter the soaring hangar of the Finnish Air Force Museum and find themselves confronted by a menagerie of aircraft adorned with swastikas, they are often taken aback.

鈥淲e hasten to explain to visitors, our swastika has nothing to do with the Nazi swastika,鈥澛爏ays聽Kai Mecklin, museum director and聽a former pilot in the Finnish Air Force (FAF). 鈥淭he Finnish Air Force adopted the swastika as its logo long before Hitler and the Nazis did.鈥�

And while the FAF鈥檚 practice of putting swastikas on its aircraft ended decades ago, it is still easy enough to find swastikas on FAF shoulder badges and at the Finnish Air Force Academy.

For Mr. Mecklin, like many Finns, that is as it should be. 鈥淭o us the swastika is a symbol of freedom and independence,鈥� he says. But some see the persistence of the swastika in Finnish culture as problematic, particularly with Finland situated between two regions for whom the swastika symbolizes not freedom, but its Nazi opposite. And as Finland鈥檚 far right becomes increasingly restive, it could force Finns to change the way they consider the symbol鈥檚 place in their modern society.

Finland鈥檚 adoption of the swastika predates its association with National Socialism. Mecklin tells the tale of how in 1918, the Swedish count Eric von Rosen had a swastika painted on the wings of an aircraft which he donated to the Finnish White Army, which was then fighting against Soviet-backed Red Guards to establish an independent Finland 鈥� a battle which the Whites ultimately won.

The swastika became the official symbol of the Finnish Air Force, and remained so until Finland and the Soviet Union 鈥� which had just fought a successful war with the United States to eradicate Nazidom 鈥� signed a postwar armistice. As part of the new relationship it was understood that Finnish military aircraft would no longer carry the swastika.

But the swastika can still be found in the emblem of the FAF and at least one Finnish army unit today. And Teivo Teivainen, a professor at the University of聽Helsinki who often finds himself explaining the numerous swastikas on wartime monuments around the Finnish capital to baffled foreign students, argues that needs to change.

What particularly bothers Professor Teivainen is how the armed forces鈥� continued use of the swastika could create difficulties for Finland if and when a war breaks out with Russia, and Finland is forced to turn to their NATO partners. 鈥淗ow do you think people in the German parliament or French cabinet or the Dutch general public, for whom the swastika means only one thing, might feel?鈥� he asks.

鈥淟et鈥檚 say a decision needs to be made very quickly in, say, a Dutch cabinet meeting, and someone flashes a picture of the swastika as the official Air Force symbol of Finland, would this be likely to increase the Netherlands鈥� kinship with us?鈥� says Teivainen.聽聽 鈥淭here鈥檚 always the chance it will send the wrong signal.鈥�

The question of when, where, and how the swastika should be seen in public has become more sensitive with the rise of a small, but increasingly vociferous, right-wing movement in Finland.

Spearheaded by the so-called Finnish Resistance Movement, which the government is currently seeking to ban, the Finnish far right does not use the swastika as its logo. But there鈥檚 always the chance that a swastika pops up at a movement rally. If that happens, the question of the Finnish armed forces鈥� use of the same symbol as Hitler鈥檚 Nazis 鈥� even if the Germans adopted it later, in the 1920s 鈥� could become an explosive one.

Finnish aviation historian Carl-Fredrik Geust writes that such concerns are overblown. 鈥淭he reason why we still have our FINNISH swastikas in use 鈥� and very limited use, mind you 鈥� is due to our unique respect for historical traditions and memories 鈥� and not just our own.鈥� He points out that even though Finns in general have no love lost for Russia, Russian tourists are still astonished to find a statue of Czar Alexander II in Helsinki鈥檚 Senate Square.

鈥淭radition means something to us,鈥� writes Mr. Geust.

He also points out that the swastika has been used as an ornament and magical symbol since ancient times, and that many Western countries used it as a symbol of good luck during the beginning of the 20th century. It was for that reason that von Rosen, who many consider the godfather of the Finnish Air Force, decided to paint the swastika on the plane he gave to the Finns.

(While von Rosen鈥檚 introduction of the swastika to Finland had no relation to National Socialism, van Rosen himself in later years did. In 1923, his sister married Hermann G枚ring, and he had ties to Swedish national socialist parties in the 1930s.)

Whether the swastika brings the Finnish Air Force, which celebrated its centenary this year, good luck or controversy remains to be seen.

In the meantime, as far as Finnish authorities are concerned, the question is a closed one. 鈥淎t present time the Ministry of Defense has no plans to restrict or review the use of the swastika,鈥� says Kristian Vakkuri, the ministry spokesperson.

The same, it would seem, goes for the Finnish people. 鈥淚f they think about it, or are asked about the swastika, it鈥檚 perceived as different: a different symbol from that which was used by the Nazis, a different history and a different meaning,鈥� says Eddy Hawkins, an American journalist who has studied the subject. 鈥淏ut most people don鈥檛 think about it.鈥�

Maybe they ought to, says Teivainen.