World sees US paying high diplomatic price for Trump's Iran deal withdrawal
| Paris
At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, last January, President Trump insisted that his trademark America First policy 鈥渄oes not mean America alone.鈥�
But when Mr. Trump pulled the United States out of the Iran nuclear deal last week, he ignored and antagonized Washington鈥檚 oldest and closest allies; he reneged on an international agreement enshrined in a United Nations resolution; and he displayed a bluntly unilateralist outlook that suggested he cares little whether or not the US is isolated.
That left friends and foes alike around the world scrambling to figure out the shape of the new world order that Trump is fashioning.
Why We Wrote This
Whatever the practical ramifications of the Trump administration's decision to withdraw from the Iran nuclear deal, it also sent a signal to the rest of the world about the diplomatic reliability of the United States. We wanted to explore how they interpreted it.
鈥淭rump鈥檚 policies have really forced a lot of countries that have alliances with the US to start thinking about how their security arrangements would look without the US and what are the alternatives,鈥� says Lauren Richardson, head of the Asia-Pacific College of Diplomacy at Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra. 鈥淚t could really end up being America alone.鈥�
The president鈥檚 disdain for a commitment made by his predecessor had international observers shaking their heads. 鈥淚t tells other countries 鈥� that the US can鈥檛 be trusted to keep its word from one administration to another,鈥� says Makau Mutua, chairman of the Kenyan Human Rights Commission. 鈥淭hat is not how great powers conduct policy.鈥�
Washington鈥檚 threats to punish foreign firms that continue to do business with Iran, as their governments seek to keep the nuclear deal alive, has prompted an indignant response from Europe, whose leaders all support the 2015 accord. It is 鈥渦nacceptable鈥� that the US is acting 鈥渓ike the planet鈥檚 economic gendarme,鈥� French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire declared last week.
The reality of US global economic and military clout means European nations perhaps have little choice but to accept US dictates. Elsewhere in the world, though, as Trump shows scant regard for anyone else鈥檚 opinions, China and Russia are nibbling at the edges of the US mantle of global leadership.
There are fears, says Ian Lesser, head of the German Marshall Fund Brussels office, that 鈥渁 world without American leadership in key areas is going to be a world in disorder.鈥�
Going it alone, but where?
Last week鈥檚 decision to withdraw from the multilateral deal with Tehran was not the first time the Trump administration has preferred to go its own way in the face of almost universal international condemnation. Last June, Washington pulled out of the Paris climate change accord; the US is the only country to reject it. This week, the US moved its embassy in Israel to Jerusalem; so far only Guatemala has followed suit.
And Trump is bucking the international trading system, threatening to slap tariffs not only on China but on allies such as Canada, the European Union, and Japan. He ditched a 12-nation Asia-Pacific free trade deal as soon as he took office, leaving the other members to proceed on their own.
Over the years the US has failed to ratify a good number of international treaties that it had signed. But only once before the current administration had the country withdrawn from an accord that it had previously entered with force of law: in 2001, George W. Bush pulled out of the Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty with Moscow. (In March, Russian President Vladimir Putin linked his government鈥檚 drive to build a new generation of nuclear missiles to Mr. Bush鈥檚 decision.)
Trump supporters abroad (to be found mainly in Israel and Saudi Arabia) have welcomed his reversal of Barack Obama鈥檚 signature achievement as evidence that the US president is a man of his word. 鈥淗e said he would walk out on the deal, and he walked out on the deal,鈥� points out Meir Javedanfar, a lecturer at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya in Israel.
Most international observers, though, fear that the move makes US policy dangerously unpredictable. 鈥淣ow it looks like the Americans can just withdraw from [an international agreement] if a new president comes who doesn鈥檛 like this or that about it,鈥� says Vladimir Zharikhin, an analyst at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow. 鈥淣obody can be sure of anything if the American mood changes.鈥�
At ground zero of the immediate crisis, Iran, deep mistrust of Washington has been widespread since the CIA organized a coup in 1953. The Islamic revolution in 1979 made hostility to the US a national ideology, and the 444-day takeover of the US Embassy in Tehran sealed many Americans鈥� mistrust of Iran. Now, Trump鈥檚 decision has strengthened the hardliners who never liked the compromises that Tehran made under the deal to get sanctions lifted.
Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, argued consistently that Western powers could not be trusted to keep their word. 鈥淓ven Ayatollah聽Khamenei could not have known how the heavens would oblige to prove him right in his skepticism about the US,鈥� says Ali Vaez, an Iran analyst at the Brussels-based think tank International Crisis Group.
The (nuclear) fallout
Following the fate of the Iran nuclear deal with particular interest is Kim Jong-un, the North Korean leader due to meet President Trump next month to negotiate his own denuclearization deal. Will the manner in which Trump reneged on the Iran agreement give him extra pause for thought about the value of any North Korean accord with the US?
Probably not, thinks Tong Zhao, who researches nuclear policy at the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy in Beijing 鈥� because Mr. Kim does not trust Washington in any case. 鈥淣orth Korea has always planned on trusting its own [nuclear] deterrent rather than any US security guarantee,鈥� Dr. Tong says.
But the Iran example 鈥渨ill give North Korea a better excuse to say to the US president 鈥楲ook, I can hardly trust you, so any denuclearization process has to be a long process of engagement and trust-building,鈥欌�� he adds. 聽鈥淚t undermines, rather than strengthens, American negotiating leverage.鈥�
On the other hand, argues the ANU鈥檚 Dr. Richardson, Trump鈥檚 firm stance on the Iran agreement suggests 鈥渉e is not going to have a lot of patience with denuclearization,鈥� and that if he doesn鈥檛 get his way 鈥渢he US will very quickly slap [Pyongyang] with sanctions and abrogate the deal. That must be pretty worrying for Kim Jong-un.鈥�
On the other side of the world, in Mexico, editorialist聽Enriqueta Cabrera of El Universal, a Mexico City daily, was unambiguous in her judgment that 鈥淲ashington鈥檚 decisions have turned the US into a partner that can no longer be trusted.鈥�
The key issue for Mexico is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which Trump has threatened to tear up unless Mexico and Canada meet his demands for a revised deal.聽
鈥淣AFTA is the real litmus test for whether it is America First or America Alone,鈥� says Eric Farnsworth, vice president of the Council of the Americas, a group promoting democracy and free trade. The 1994 accord is 鈥渢he bedrock of US hemispheric policy,鈥� he adds. 鈥淚f you cut out that foundational piece, what are you left with?鈥�
In Latin America, where governments have long doubted whether Washington has their best interests at heart, Trump鈥檚 insistence on a deal on his terms 鈥� 鈥渕y way or the highway鈥� 鈥� is fueling mistrust. 鈥淚n the [negotiating] game of give and take, there is no balance,鈥� complains Analicia Ruiz, an expert on US-Mexican relations at Anahuac University in Mexico City.
The Canadian government is also 鈥渄eeply worried鈥� by the Trump administration鈥檚 international posture says Janice Stein, a veteran foreign affairs analyst at the University of Toronto. 鈥淲e are also more vulnerable鈥� because of Canada鈥檚 heavy economic dependence on the US market, she points out.
Who needs allies?
Trump鈥檚 distaste for NAFTA and other multilateral free trade deals is a sign of his reluctance to be constrained by the sort of rules-based order on which the world has functioned since World War II. In the administration鈥檚 enthusiasm for acting solely in America鈥檚 own interests, 鈥渋t seems they are picking quarrels with the entire world, aiming to isolate themselves,鈥� says Andrei Klimov, deputy head of the international affairs committee in the Federation Council, Russia鈥檚 upper chamber.
At the very least, the Trump administration is paying little or no attention to Washington鈥檚 traditional allies. The president ignored pleas by French President Emmanuel Macron, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, and British Prime Minister Theresa May to save the Iran deal, and in the Middle East 鈥渢here is definitely a feeling鈥� among US-friendly governments in Jordan and elsewhere 鈥渢hat the current administration is not listening to the advice coming from its allies in the region,鈥� says Nabil Sharif, a former Jordanian cabinet minister.
In Europe, people are wondering whether Donald Trump thinks America needs allies in order to rule the world. The cover of the current edition of Der Spiegel, a German news-magazine, shows Trump as the raised middle finger of a hand, with the caption 鈥淕oodbye, Europe!鈥�
Fears are running high that Washington will impose sanctions on European firms if European governments try to keep the Iran deal alive, forcing companies such as Airbus and Total to choose whether to do business in Iran or the US.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 think European governments or businesses are going to want to put their global commerce in jeopardy over a point of principle on the [Iran] agreement,鈥� says Mr. Lesser.
鈥淭he European Union has practically always hesitated to confront the United States,鈥� notes Fran莽ois Nicoullaud, a former French ambassador to Iran. 鈥淓urope鈥檚 involvement with the United States cannot be compared with its involvement with Iran. At the end of the day, the choice is quite clear.鈥�
Europe and the US have a huge amount in common economically, politically, and in the security sphere, says Lesser. But as differences over issues such as Iran, climate change and trade mount up 鈥渋t poses the risk of a broader disintegration in trans-Atlantic cooperation,鈥� he says.
Already the signs of strain are showing, and the Europeans are not the only ones to suffer the consequences, says Huang Jing, former head of the Center on Asia and Globalization at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in Singapore.
If Trump wants to drive a hard trade bargain with Beijing to protect US property rights and technology, he will need European support, Dr. Huang argues. But 鈥渂ecause of the Iran deal, the US has totally lost its solidarity with European countries.鈥�
At the same time, Huang adds, Washington鈥檚 major Asian ally, Japan, is unnerved by signs of US unreliability and is hedging its bets. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has made an obvious effort to improve Tokyo鈥檚 relations with Beijing and even with Russia. 鈥淛apan has been preparing for this unpredictability,鈥� he says.
Carrots or sticks?
Trump鈥檚 withdrawal from the Iran deal, coming on top of earlier decisions, has broken the traditional mold of US global leadership that Washington exercised through a network of alliances and institutions. Together they comprised a system built around rules. Now, the US president seems to be counting more on America鈥檚 raw power to lay down the law and demand that other countries abide by it.
That is the message of the secondary sanctions that US officials are threatening against any foreign firm that does business with Iran: the sanctions will punish other countries for not agreeing with a unilaterally declared US policy.
The US has the power to do that sort of thing, but it fosters resentment. And the US role in the world is facing challenges.
Even in America鈥檚 traditional 鈥渂ackyard鈥�, Latin America, where US dominance is still clear, 鈥渘ew poles of leadership鈥� are emerging, says Mr. Farnsworth, evidenced by rising Chinese investment in the region.
Such investment 鈥� and influence 鈥� is even more pronounced in Africa, where the Chinese model of authoritarian capitalism appeals to many local rulers and where Trump鈥檚 actions are puzzling. 鈥淚 foresee a situation where African countries will prefer China to the US as an ally,鈥� says Benon Mukundera, an international relations scholar at Kampala University in Uganda. 鈥淵ou do not want to keep a friend who does not keep his word.鈥�
Nowhere is the gathering challenge to US leadership clearer than in the region of the world where Washington has traditionally wielded the greatest clout 鈥� the Middle East. 鈥淎 majority of countries in this region 鈥� are looking for US leadership,鈥� says Mr. Javedanfar, the Iranian-born Israeli lecturer and commentator. 鈥淎nd they see Putin stepping in because there has been a void in regards to US leadership. If there is one concern in Israel it is, 鈥榃hat is Trump鈥檚 Syria strategy?鈥� Because he does not seem to have one.鈥�
Most strikingly, Moscow has taken over from Washington the role of chief broker in Syrian peace talks and leading outside power. But with Middle East peace and stability apparently not at the top of the US agenda, and with Trump adopting an unabashedly uncritical attitude to Israel, regional powers are stepping up.
Turkey, for example, has adopted a strongly pro-Palestinian stance to forge new ties in the Arab world, and it is building a military presence in the region for the first time. Ankara is planning to station naval vessels and fighter jets in Qatar later this year. Even Egypt, which has been totally dependent on the US for economic and diplomatic support since it made peace with Israel in 1979, is now looking elsewhere.
鈥淎merica is still a superpower, it still is influential in the Middle East, it still has strong allies in the region, but it is displaying no leadership,鈥� says Oraib Rantawi, head of the Amman-based Al Quds Center for Political Studies, a think tank. 鈥淲hether it be getting Israelis and Palestinians to the negotiation table, saving the Iran nuclear deal, or ending the wars in Yemen and Syria, no one is going to the Americans,鈥� he adds.
At the moment it is the Europeans who are feeling the brunt of Donald Trump鈥檚 new style. As they wrestle with the prospect of US sanctions should they stick to the Iran nuclear deal, European leaders are beginning to contemplate life without the security blanket of US leadership.
Divisions within Europe are legion, and Chancellor Merkel may have been voicing only a pious hope last week when she insisted that 鈥淓urope has to take its destiny into its own hands. That is the task for the future.鈥� But it reflected a bitter conclusion Merkel said she had reached. 鈥淚t is no longer the case that the United States of America will simply protect us.鈥�
鈥� Michael Holtz in Beijing; Sara Miller Llana in Paris; Scott Peterson in London; Whitney Eulich in Mexico City; Taylor Luck in Amman, Jordan; Fred Weir in Moscow; Dina Kraft in Tel Aviv; Mark Oloo in Nairobi, Kenya; and Dylan C. Robertson in Ottawa聽contributed to this article.
