海角大神

Hundreds of black and blue tarps, many with thatched roofs, vie for space in this port city鈥檚 migrant camp, a testament to the powerful flow of human migration across Europe this year.

The population of Jungle 2, as it's called, surged from 1,000 to 3,000 in the three months after spring broke, the typical annual pattern. Residents have built more than homes: makeshift churches, schools, and even restaurants selling chicken skewers and chai tea dot Jungle 2.

Camps like this are spurring some European nations to push for what they're calling burden sharing, particularly Italy and Greece. Unsurprisingly, many of the less affected countries are opposed, arguing they have neither the infrastructure nor the resources to house and care for asylum seekers.

But they have surprising allies in their opposition: the migrants themselves.

Even as Europe's leaders debate, refugees are focused on finding jobs and establishing community bonds. And it's not that they don't want to move on from the poorer southern European countries hosting them. But what they don't want is to be farmed out to still poorer countries, instead of being settled in richer states like Britain or Germany.

鈥淎 human being has his life plans 鈥� and wants to go to the country where he has the best future,鈥� says Alberto Achermann, a migration law expert at the University of Bern in Switzerland. While relocation would help correct some of the dysfunction in Europe's current system, it overlooks human intention, he says. 鈥淭hat is the biggest problem with all of these redistribution plans in Europe.鈥�

'In England, there's no Jungle'

This year has seen an unprecedented flood of migrants seeking a better life in Europe. In the first six months of the year, 137,000 people have crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Europe, compared to 75,000 in the same period last year,聽according to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees.

Under current rules called the Dublin regulation, migrants who enter in Greece or Italy are supposed to officially seek asylum there. But they often try to slip through those borders 鈥� a fact those countries are accused of turning a blind eye to 鈥� to file claims elsewhere.

That has helped turn Calais, the closest point in continental Europe to Britain, where the overwhelming majority of Jungle 2 residents want to settle, into a flashpoint. In 2011, 4,500 migrants were discovered trying to cross the port and tunnel in Calais. In 2015, there have been 25,000 attempts so far on the same crossing, says Gilles Debove, secretary general of the police officer鈥檚 union in Calais.

Last month, a ferry strike brought traffic to a standstill here and had many migrants sensing an opportunity. Hundreds tried to force their way onto trucks that were backed up in the traffic at the Channel Tunnel the ferry closures created. The situation led Britain to declare its intent to create a "safe zone" for trucks passing through Calais to ensure migrants won't be able to jump aboard.

The migrants' intentions are clearly visible in Jungle 2. From Alpha, a migrant from Mauritania, to Khan from Afghanistan, many bear the litter-strewn conditions that France鈥檚 National Consultative Commission for Human Rights declared recently 鈥渋nhumane and contemptible鈥� because they have no intention of staying. Instead they bide their time, on a recent day crouching under a line of taps to fill their water bottles, brush their teeth, or rinse off 鈥� they can shower once every four days 鈥� until they can make it farther north.

Mostly the migrant flow runs from south to north, east to west. A typical route is the one Alpha followed, having crossed聽from Syria, to Turkey, Greece, Belgium, and now Calais, even spending time in jail 鈥� 鈥渟everal times,鈥� he says 鈥� on his attempt to reach Britain.聽

"In England, there's no Jungle,鈥� he says. 鈥淎fter two or three days, they put you in a hotel. In two or three weeks, you have a place to live. Here in France, [there is only] the Jungle."

Khan says he and his peers聽go where they can get papers and work. The idea of staying in Italy makes no sense, neither for the migrant or the EU as a whole, he says. 鈥淚talians themselves don鈥檛 have jobs, so how can they give me a job?鈥�

Philippe Wannesson, a local volunteer at the Jungle, says that most of the migrants here, who have fled poverty or war, simply sought to get into Europe. But a lack of jobs and welcome in Italy and Greece, where so many first arrived, prompted them on, many through France. The conditions here then prompted them onwards, to Britain. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e always looking to build a life somewhere else,鈥� Mr. Wannesson says.

In the heated debate on quotas, Calais鈥檚 fate might remain unchanged 鈥� or even get marginally worse. The relocation formula only applies to 40,000 Syrians and Eritreans entering Greece and Italy over the next two years. Many of the men and women in Calais aren鈥檛 even refugees, but economic migrants whose asylum cases are likely to be rejected.

European resistance

Still, they bristle at the notion of someone deciding where they should live. No one talks of heading east. And judging from political rhetoric, that is how many of these countries would like it.

The countries of Central Europe 鈥� Slovakia, Poland, Czech Republic, and Hungary 鈥� have been some of the loudest critics of a scheme imposed on them to take in asylum seekers. Martina Sekulov谩,聽a聽research fellow at the聽Institute for Public Affairs聽in聽Bratislava,聽says that the issue of asylum shot to the top of the public debate in these countries for the first time ever.

鈥淒ebates were full of prejudices, stereotypes, fears, and refusal of migrants in general,鈥� she says. Many politicians have argued that they don鈥檛 have the infrastructure to become asylum welcomers, but she says her country, Slovakia, has the capacity to create a well-functioning system.

鈥淪lovakia should recognize the importance of the issue of humanitarian migration and its role 鈥� already as a聽well-developed, rich, secure, and stable country 鈥� in the wider geopolitical context.鈥�

Vincent Cochetel, the聽European director of the聽UN High Commissioner for Refugees, says he supports Europe鈥檚 relocation plan because it can help countries see that the crisis is Europe鈥檚, not just the countries where migrants enter or the countries like Germany, Sweden, or the UK, where many overwhelmingly want to go.

Not every refugee will want to travel to the countries that haven鈥檛 traditionally accepted migrants. But an asylum seeker, under the current rules, doesn鈥檛 have that choice. Unless he has family or special ties to a certain European country, an asylum seeker has no automatic right to live in Germany or anywhere else he might covet. 鈥淪eeking asylum is not,鈥� Mr. Cochetel says, 鈥渢raveling to a destination country.鈥�