海角大神

While the self-described Islamic State continues to attract many young European men with its聽sophisticated social media campaign and mesmerizing brutality,聽the extremist group has also demonstrated eye-catching success with a less visible group: young Muslim women.

An estimated 550 Western women are believed to have travelled to Syria and Iraq to join Islamic extremist groups. The propaganda arm of IS has聽appealed to them with everything from online cookbooks for the wives of mujahadeen to parenting guides for raising future jihadists.

But across Europe, concerned observers from teachers to family counselors, are striking back with their own set of gender tactics. Counterterrorism experts now see such a tailored strategy as central to detecting girls who could fall prey to IS propaganda. And they are pointing in particular to mothers, with their outsized influence in Muslim households, as forming one of the best lines of defense.

Ross Frenett, the director at Against Violent Extremism in London, says Western European governments need to modify their anti-radicalization programs to target women who are increasingly being lured into extremism.

鈥淲hen it comes to counter-radicalization, there is an appreciation of the gender aspect of this in a way there didn鈥檛 use to be," Mr. Frenett says. 鈥淣arrowing down the focus is a very important step of any program.鈥�

Such a need became clear last month at the Bethnal Green Academy, a redbrick building dating from 1900 in East London, after teenagers Shamima Begum, Kadiza Sultana, and Amira Abase traveled to Syria allegedly to join IS.

Three of the school鈥檚 highest-achieving students, the girls are said to have shown none of the typical signs of extremist thinking. But one teacher who taught the three at the academy, who preferred not to speak on the record, says the school may have missed signs by misunderstanding how alluring IS can be to girls from conservative religious backgrounds.

On a recent day, the school fences were covered with photos of the school's extracurricular activities, including cooking and cello classes, that are intended to expand a student鈥檚 horizons. But many girls from conservative Muslim households have little prospect of life beyond the home, the teacher says, a realization that makes them ripe for the taste of freedom that they believe IS offers.

鈥淭hey come from families where their mothers only stay at home and don鈥檛 encourage their daughters to expand their interests and open their eyes to new lives,鈥� he says, adding that he鈥檇 like to see Muslim women, family, and school teachers alike, talk to them about the reality of their lives in conservative Muslim homes and what it鈥檚 like to join a terrorist network. Those conversations have been too few, he says.

Gender roles

Gender could also play a more prominent role on the Internet, says Mr. Frenett. 鈥淢y Facebook account has very different ads to my wife鈥檚, and we can use that same technique to make sure we have bespoke messages and reach the right audience,鈥� he says.

Although men and women join extremist groups in the Middle East for some of the same reasons, from visions of utopia to a sense of injustice, men more often do so to fight, while women are pulled by family decisions. They have different reactions to birth and death.聽"These could and should be exploited by family and state alike as an opportunity for disengagement,鈥� he says.

Magnus Ranstorp, an expert on extremism at the Swedish National Defense College, says de-radicalization programs that focus on women have only started to take shape in Europe in part because until now their motivations have been misunderstood. 鈥淚 think the general perception is that women are victims and that they are passive, which is not the case,鈥� he says. They might not fight in combat, as is prohibited by Sharia law, but they are vital accomplices and recruiters. 鈥淏ehind jihadis you have women who are equally extremist and radical.鈥�

Daniel Koehler, the director of the German Institute on Radicalization and De-radicalization Studies (GIRDS) in Berlin, says the process of de-radicalization is best done on an individual basis. With women comprising a much smaller fraction of extremist groups and resources to help them already stretched, growing concerns of female jihadists is unlikely to translate into a glut of new programs specifically for them, he says.

But strategies that employ women in prevention are growing in large part because they are both easier to reach and the first ones to reach out. In Mr. Koehler鈥檚 previous job as a family counselor at an anti-radicalization program in Berlin, he says 80 percent of calls to the program鈥檚 hotline were from women: mothers, daughters, and sisters. When men called, they almost never did so alone, he says.

Mothers know best

Because of the status given to mothers in Islam, they have one of the most influential roles in the fight against extremism, says Koehler. Although mothers were not involved in the work he did de-radicalizing Neo-Nazis, GIRDS has created a new program called . The program is for those with children affected by radicalization, intended as a support group and as a way to create counter-narratives to extremist propaganda.

鈥淚n the Koran the role of the mother is essential,鈥� Koehler says. As the prophet Muhammad鈥檚 saying goes: 鈥淧aradise lies at the feet of mothers.鈥�

Edit Schlaffer, the founder of Women Without Borders in Vienna, says mothers have been the missing link in preventing new recruits from joining groups such as IS: A mother鈥檚 instinct is the strongest radar for detecting radicalization.

In 2012, Ms. Schlaffer launched a training program called in Pakistan, Indonesia, and four other countries. The schools equips mothers of at-risk adolescents with the confidence to take a lead role in the family, stand up to stubborn and righteous teens, and overcome the shame that often keeps extremism a family secret 鈥� until it is too late.

Schlaffer says she never thought she鈥檇 establish a school in her own country. But with young Europeans heading to Syria and Iraq, her group recently announced the opening of one in Vienna 鈥� the first on the continent. She also hopes to have schools running in Sweden and Belgium by fall.

For Sclaffer, mothers are the key to de-radicalization. 鈥淚 think we鈥檝e found a goldmine with mothers,鈥� she says.