海角大神

Lumadi Poudel is weary of life inside his makeshift home of corrugated metal. But he does feel glad to have a roof over his head.聽

Blind in one eye and partially blind in the other, Mr. Poudel qualified for one of 15 single-room metal shelters for the physically disabled set up by a relief group in the aftermath of last April鈥檚 massive earthquake.聽

He and his wife and three children moved into the shelter in May, after the 7.8-magnitude quake cratered their house. Most other survivors in their hard-hit district of Sindhupalchowk have had to make do with tarpaulins.

Still, the harsh Himalayan winter has tested Poudel鈥檚 patience with the Nepali government鈥檚 sluggish reconstruction efforts. More than two million people are still living in temporary shelters, awaiting the dispensation of some $4 billion promised by international donors.

Their hardship has been exacerbated by severe fuel shortages due to an unofficial blockade since September along the Indian-Nepal border. Government officials accuse India of orchestrating the blockade which began after聽Nepal voted for a new Constitution last fall that could weaken India's leverage over its tiny neighbor.聽

Nepal鈥檚 tenuous political climate has delayed quake reconstruction work. Now as a new government begins to settle in, relief may be on the way.

Dispatching engineers

Last month, the newly formed Nepal Reconstruction Authority (NRA) launched a public awareness campaign and began sending engineers to quake-hit zones to determine which houses need to be rebuilt. Meanwhile, lawmakers have passed a series of constitutional amendments intended to appease the ethnic Madhesi protesters who have helped organize the border blockade.

Yet Poudel remains skeptical at the notion of moving into a permanent home anytime soon. NRA surveyors recently came to聽Chautara, a town about 20 miles east of the capital, Kathmandu,聽to count how many families need new houses. He predicts it will take them two months to complete their assessment in the district.聽

鈥淏y the time they return to Kathmandu and then decide to release housing funds, monsoon [season] will arrive,鈥� he says. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think reconstruction will start before autumn.鈥�

The long wait has only gotten harder for Poudel. The winter鈥檚 freezing temperatures have been even more difficult to bear than last summer鈥檚 sweltering heat, which was magnified by the shelter鈥檚 metal roof and walls.

The family hasn't received any relief supplies since May; power聽outages last up to 14 hours a day and daily essentials such as cooking gas are scarce. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a miracle that we have made it this far,鈥澛燩oudel says.

In place of cooking gas, the Poudels have resorted to firewood, as have most families across Nepal, including in Kathmandu. All five family members sleep in a single bed that was donated by a local hotel owner after his hotel collapsed in the April 25 quake and the series of aftershocks that followed.

The government estimates that close to 900,000 homes were destroyed or damaged by the earthquakes. Nearly 9,000 people were killed.

India denies role in blockade

For the last five months, protests against the new constitution have largely overshadowed efforts to rebuild the infrastructure, homes, and lives ravaged by the earthquakes.

Ethnic Madhesis, who have close cultural and historical ties to India, contend that the charter dilutes their political rights. They began聽holding sit-ins along the main trade routes into India soon after the constitution was adopted on Sept. 20. Clashes between protesters and police have left at least 58 people dead, including 11 policemen.聽

India denies any role in the blockade and instead blames protesters in Nepal for impeding the passage of fuel trucks.

Nepal鈥檚 new prime minister, Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli, is scheduled to visit India this month, his first official trip abroad. But he has threatened to cancel the trip if the blockade is not lifted first, which would mean a break with protocol as he is due to travel next month to China, India's regional rival.聽

The blockade has partially eased since late December, when the government proposed two constitutional amendments that guarantee more government jobs and parliamentary seats for the Madhesi and other minority groups. Parliament approved them last month.

Still,聽protest leaders say these concessions aren't enough and insist on the redrawing of provincial borders to increase their political power.

While negotiations continue, the Birgunj-Raxaul route, which handles more than half of all trade between India and Nepal, remains closed. Cargo movement has resumed at all other border crossings between the two countries.

Reconstruction begins

Beyond the blockade, reconstruction has also been held up by political wrangling over the establishment of the NRA, the conduit for foreign aid. The authority only became fully operational in mid-January. Now it has to聽figure out how to best allocate donor funds for rebuilding.聽

So far the government has promised to provide grants of $2,000 to every family that needs to build a new house, and to offer subsidized loans ranging from $3,000 to $25,000 to complete construction.

鈥淭he delay, the ongoing political turmoil, and trade disruption will certainly impact two key inputs for reconstruction: human resources and construction materials,鈥� says Govind Raj Pokhrel, an official involved in the reconstruction effort.聽

The country鈥檚 central bank estimated recently that 800,000 people had been pushed into extreme poverty by the trade blockade, on top of the 700,000 people pushed into extreme poverty by the earthquakes.

To make matters worse, some 500,000 young people leave Nepal every year in search of work, contributing to widespread labor shortages, according to the Ministry of Labor.

鈥淭he quakes and the fuel crisis that has closed industries have increased the number of youths leaving Nepal for jobs,鈥� says Govinda Mani Bhurtel, spokesman for the Ministry of Labor.

The government has set a five-year target to complete reconstruction. At least 143 settlements will need to be relocated entirely, according to a survey conducted by the government.

Madhu Sudan Adhikari, a spokesman for the NRA, says the government needs to ensure the safety of new housing sites and the proper distribution of funds before building gets underway in April.聽鈥淭his is a huge reconstruction effort,鈥� he says, 鈥渟o it will naturally take time.鈥�