海角大神

Min-so Yun is on the front line of a bitter war. Armed only with words and a rickety shield of anonymity, she is part of a new generation of feminists determined to dismantle misogyny in South Korea.

In Megalia, a groundbreaking feminist website launched last year, Ms. Yun, who asked to use a pseudonym to protect her identity, found a fresh weapon to challenge the sexual harassment she faced online.

It was a tactic called 鈥渕irroring.鈥� By flipping around the sexist comments that litter the web forums where young South Koreans congregate, and hurling them back at men, she joined a fast-growing community in fighting back.

鈥淲e grew up listening to be good 鈥� don鈥檛 swear, don鈥檛 fight, even if someone is bad to you,鈥� says the 25-year-old, a university graduate. 鈥淎ll my good words didn鈥檛 work. But this worked.鈥�

The backlash has been severe. Some Megalians, as users began to identify themselves, have received death and rape threats online. Dozens of others, including Yun, are facing lawsuits over web comments, their identities believed to have been exposed through IP addresses.

One woman in the gaming industry was even fired after complaints from male fans linking her to the site. She鈥檇 tweeted a photo of herself in a T-shirt 鈥� designed by a spin-off feminist group raising funds for legal cases 鈥� saying, 鈥淕irls do not need a prince.鈥�

Despite being hailed as one of Asia鈥檚 most liberal democracies, South Korea has long floundered on women's rights. It ranks a lowly 116 of 144 countries for gender equality, according to the World Economic Forum, just above Angola and Nigeria. It also has the largest gender wage gap among the mostly high-income nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

In this socially conservative environment, operating undercover opens a rare space for debate, says Yun, who has not been silenced by her legal fight. 鈥淪ome have stopped鈥� posting online, she adds, but we鈥檝e 鈥渁lready changed the culture.鈥� Women are 鈥渟peaking up.鈥�

Provocative activism

The battleground began online in tech-savvy South Korea, where nearly 90 percent of the population owns a smartphone 鈥� topping the global ranks in a recent Pew Research Center survey. But it quickly delved offline, too.

The Megalia collective has backed prominent feminist campaigns 鈥� from raising funds to close Soranet, South Korea鈥檚 biggest pornographic website, to forcing a public apology from the Korean edition of Maxim, globally rebuked for glorifying sexual violence. In a September 2015 cover, the men鈥檚 magazine featured a staged image of a prominent Korean actor standing casually next to a car trunk from which the bound feet of a naked woman jut out, captioned: 鈥淪o women like 鈥榖ad guys?鈥� This is a real 鈥榖ad guy.鈥� Dying for him, right?鈥�

Megalia has thrived on being provocative. Its logo taunts Korean men in what activists say is a mirror of society鈥檚 obsession with women鈥檚 appearance: South Korea has the world鈥檚 highest rate of plastic surgery per capita, and there is immense pressure to conform to beauty ideals. But for critics, such as the popular far-right men鈥檚 online forum Ilbe, a key Megalia target, the group is promoting hate speech and misandry, or prejudice against men.

The group has also divided feminists, including Megalians themselves. From drawing hundreds of thousands of readers at its height, the website is now virtually defunct. A debate over whether to out gay men who marry women as a cover for their sexuality eventually splintered the collective. Nevertheless, Megalia is seen as having paved the path for a new generation of young feminists, and users have since migrated to the plethora of other sites that have emerged in its place.

Spawning new battlegrounds

New feminist groups are also sprouting offline. In the sprawling campus of Sogang University, in west Seoul, members of Flaming Feminist Action (FFA) are playing basketball after their weekly meeting.

They think Megalia provided a crucial rallying call for feminists, but favor a visible rather than anonymous campaign.

鈥淥ur goal is to get political power,鈥� so activism has to be out in the open, says Mihyun Kim, a 27-year-old labor union worker.

The catalyst for this small group was the May murder of a young Korean woman in the plush district of Gangnam. South Korea has a relatively low rate of violent crime, though activists say crimes against women are rising. But it was the revelation that the attacker had waited for a female victim, as he always felt 鈥渂elittled by women,鈥� that unleashed an intense nationwide debate on misogyny.

FFA was born, joining thousands of other women in demonstrating against gender violence. But as with Megalia, counter-protests by men鈥檚 rights activists once again exposed the bitter divisions in Korea鈥檚 gender war.

鈥淭hey say that Korea is female-centric,鈥� says Minju Jeong, another young group member, with a wry laugh. She was among the dozens of women protesters whose photographs were later uploaded on Ilbe together with anonymous threats and abuse.

Gender discrimination

In 2012 South Korea elected its first female leader, the daughter of a former military dictator who is currently embroiled in a deep political scandal, but women are still poorly represented in top posts across most industries.

One 24-year-old, speaking on condition of anonymity, recounts her first day working for a leading conglomerate. A senior male manager told her that 鈥渨omen were disadvantaged鈥� in the company. 鈥淚 was startled,鈥� she said. But it got worse. During after-work drinks he suggested she 鈥渢ry to be more like a man鈥� if she wanted to fit in. Deeply disillusioned with her career prospects in South Korea, the employee says she is planning to migrate abroad, a move she believes other ambitious women are also mulling.

South Korea witnessed a dramatic transformation from one of the world鈥檚 poorest agrarian nations in the 1950s to a wealthy and industrialized state just three decades later. But for the generations born after this period of rapid growth, there is deep anxiety about the future.

鈥淢any young people aren鈥檛 getting the kind of jobs they hoped for,鈥� says Dr. Bo-Myung Kim, a visiting scholar at the Institute for Gender Research at Seoul National University. The slowing economy and growing unemployment have created 鈥渁 high level of insecurity among men about women鈥檚 progress,鈥� she adds, at a time that 鈥渨omen want more鈥� but traditional gender roles persist. The scholar says she expects the confrontational relationships between women and men to only intensify both at work and home.

Into the mainstream

At the Young Women 海角大神鈥檚 Association in downtown Seoul, a discussion on abortion is under way, with speakers from both sides. Abortion is聽officially banned in South Korea, except in certain cases, though in practice it is widespread.

The government is considering stiffer penalties for those who break the law, and feminists have mobilized in protest, with many Megalians joining legalization demonstrations for the first time.

Ha-young Kim, a student attending the discussion, is disappointed by the partisan tone of the debate. Her own group, Femidea, an online forum that translates global articles about feminism into Korean, is trying to expand thinking on gender and women鈥檚 rights.

But she is still optimistic about South Korea鈥檚 feminist revolution. 鈥淟ast year feminism was still considered fringe,鈥� says the 23-year-old. 鈥淏ut the same friends who viewed it negatively are now sharing their experiences, raising a new consciousness on and offline.鈥�