What are Rio's security crackdowns accomplishing?
鈥� A version of this post ran on the author's blog, Riorealblog.com. The views expressed are the author's own.
How much can a city change? This is the question underlying doubts arising in the last two weeks regarding Rio鈥檚 public safety policy.
You may believe that the values, habits, and assumptions of a city and its inhabitants, developed over the course of generations, are static; immutable. In this case, the police and politicians are forever corrupt and criminals are constantly crooked, while innocent citizens are always at the mercy of both. Rio鈥檚 2008 public safety policy is for show, a temporary lockdown until the Olympics are done.
Or you may think that change occurs when systems no longer provide what they were created to do; when new demands crop up that they can鈥檛 meet. In this case, police and politicians become enlightened, criminals have fewer options, and innocent citizens find themselves called on to adapt their own values, habits and assumptions. Rio鈥檚 2008 public safety policy is part of a larger socioeconomic turn of the tide and the fabrics of the city鈥檚 favelas, or slums, and its formal neighborhoods are turning from patchwork to a single weave.
When the new public safety policy was conceived, officials knew that drug traffickers would flee to other favelas. Police occupation is announced beforehand, after all. Over the last three years we鈥檝e seen criminals run to Complexo do Alem茫o and Rocinha, among other [favelas]. Now that these have been occupied, the fallout is occurring within a wider radius.
State Public Safety Secretary for the first time that increased crime in the city of Niter贸i, across the bay from Rio, is due to police pacification and occupation in the state capital (all links in Portuguese unless noted). Military and civil police have also turned their sights on the mountain towns in the state of Rio de Janeiro, on Manguinhos and Jacarezinho favelas, and on , to transport drugs and weapons.
Manpower has always been an issue for public safety officials, and it鈥檚 as the geography involved widens. Rocinha is now partly policed by new pacification police recruits, though it鈥檚 under BOPE (elite squad) command, still in the occupation phase.
鈥淚s it possible to institute new police practices with police who are accustomed to the old ways?鈥� asks Cec铆lia Oliveira, communications coordinator for , a highly successful NGO in the Mar茅 complex of favelas and housing projects, next on Beltrame鈥檚 list. 鈥淭he new officers have sixty days of training, and the old ones, old practices,鈥� she adds.
Corruption came to the fore in Rocinha, where it became clear that the police hadn鈥檛 occupied the authority vacuum left by trafficker Nem because . It鈥檚 probably everywhere, to some extent. The fact that this week as a sign of mourning for a deceased drug trafficker indicates similar troubles there.
Beltrame is grappling with both issues; today he was expected to announce a.
Rio鈥檚 public safety policy is clearly messing with long-entrenched markets, attitudes and relationships, and . Drugs aren鈥檛 in the purview of favelas only, as a fellow combatant reminds us:
鈥淲hen I was minister of defense, we were very successful. We took down all the members [on] the list of high-value targets in the drug trafficking, all of them. They are either in jail or dead. We confiscated unprecedented amounts of cocaine. We eradicated unprecedented amounts of hectares of coca, and the DEA director came here and congratulated me and congratulated our people, saying we are doing very well, 鈥� Colombian president Juan聽Manuel Santos聽this week (in English). 聽鈥滱nd you know how success was defined? By the price of cocaine in Los Angeles or in New York or in Washington. And so, because the price went up, we were being successful. But at the same time, if the price goes up, the incentive goes up. So there is a structured sort of contradiction in the whole setup.鈥�
It鈥檚 probably exactly that incentive which has led competing drug gangs to pay off the cops and engage in warfare in Rocinha. Quite likely the success of 聽 occupation and pacification rest on the state government鈥檚 ability to clamp down on this 鈥� a place so much at the heart of Rio de Janeiro.
Of course the two lines of thinking described above aren鈥檛 mutually exclusive. The picture is muddy, and the way we see it is colored by our experience and preconceived notions. Some of the actors are diehards, some are chameleons, and maybe a few are Brazilian Galileos.
For now, Beltrame has the last word.
鈥淚 see that things may not be very good, but they鈥檙e better than they were,鈥� he told O Globo newspaper yesterday.
鈥� Julia Michaels, a long-time resident of Brazil, writes the blog , which she describes as a constructive and critical view of Rio de Janeiro鈥檚 ongoing transformation.
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