海角大神

Google鈥檚 decision this week to dramatically amend its map of future World Cup and Olympics host Rio de Janeiro boils down to one person: the wife of a newspaper editor who was trying to find a shop.

While Rio鈥檚 tourism officials complained as early as 2009 that Google Maps exaggerated the size of the city鈥檚 slums, it wasn鈥檛 until the main daily newspaper O Globo took on the topic that Google actually responded.

The weekend article in O Globo 鈥� 鈥淕oogle Maps turns Rio into an agglomeration of favelas鈥� 鈥� noted that the size of letters to indicate favelas (shantytowns) was often the same as those for the larger, wealthier neighborhoods they bordered. By Tuesday, the paper reported that Google had agreed to change its maps within the year.

It's one of many diplomatic disputes worldwide over Google's online maps, but the new agreement to prioritize Rio's wealthy neighborhoods and tourist points is opening the search engine to complaints that it is bowing to media and commercial pressure.

"From my perspective, what鈥檚 happening is Rio is asking the map to be remade so people coming in for the World Cup and Olympics won鈥檛 think it鈥檚 a city of slums," says Jason Farman, professor of American Studies at the University of Maryland and the author of 鈥淢apping the Digital Empire,鈥� which looks at the impacts of social media on global borders. "[They] want to minimize the poor and delineate them into a smaller space on the map."

Google Maps' many international flare-ups

This was not the first flare-up over Google鈥檚 online maps. In November, Costa Rica complained after Nicaraguan officials used Google Maps to claim disputed territory. Early last year, Cambodia said Google Earth was "devoid of truth and reality鈥� in placing part of a contentious temple in Thailand. Google has attempted to placate India and China by placing the disputed region of Arunachal Pradesh in each nation 鈥� depending on where you log into Google.

And it鈥檚 not just developing nations, which often lack the resources to properly survey and demarcate their borders, that are crying foul. Earlier this year, the northwest German town of that Google Maps gave its harbor to the Netherlands. In July, that Google wrongly gave Morocco the Isla de Perejil.

But this is almost certainly the first time that a woman鈥檚 stymied search for a retail store set off a chain of events rippling all the way to the California headquarters of the world鈥檚 largest Internet search engine.

鈥淲e decided to do the piece after the wife of an editor here in the office had made a prosaic search in Google 鈥� to locate some commercial establishment 鈥� from home [and] became surprised with the high number of favelas indicated, even the majority unfamiliar ones,鈥� Laura Antunes, who wrote the story, told the Monitor in an e-mail. 鈥淪he commented with her husband... [and] from this case the topic came out."

Maps and social values

Maps reveal much about social values, says Mr. Farman.

"Maps are not just about accuracy, they're always about choices we make as human beings to represent our spaces," he says. "What prompted [Google's decision to on Rio mapping] is issues that center around consumerism and commerce and the news media."

"The power in being able to decide, and to side with certain government entities, it kind of puts Google on par with our previous understanding of the role that nations played," says Farman. "The ways that we think about what and who is powerful in the world needs to change."

But tourism operators here say that visitors 鈥� especially foreigners 鈥� are keen on seeing the favelas.

鈥淭ourists like it. They always come to ask for this,鈥� Jo茫o Luiz says as he points to his favela tourism sign, next to another offering one to visit Rio鈥檚 samba stadium, Sugarloaf Mountain, and botanical gardens.

鈥淵ou know which tourist does this [favela] tour more? The foreigners, not the Brazilians,鈥� he adds.

Sergio Defrayer and Alessandro Ad茫o are government-employed tourist guides at the base of the favela Dona Marta, which is touted as a model 鈥減acified鈥� community freed from drug traffickers by a new policing program. They encourage tourists to visit the favela鈥檚 plaza, which has a mural and statue of Michael Jackson to commemorate a video he filmed there.

Mr. Defrayer says that tourists have been coming to Dona Marta to see where Vin Diesel filmed the upcoming 鈥�Fast and the Furious 5.鈥�

Google 鈥渘eeds to show everything [to promote tourism], not just favelas but also the Zona Sul [asphalt neighborhoods],鈥� says Mr. Ad茫o.

Lounging at the top of the Dona Marta hill in the evening, Edmaldo Faria says it鈥檚 fine by him if favelas like his are diminished on Google. The current map has 鈥渁 positive and a negative side [since] it serves as a notice for a tourist鈥� to not accidentally happen upon one, he says.

鈥淭here鈥檚 going to be complaints, surely,鈥� when Google changes it, he adds. 鈥淵ou can鈥檛 please everybody.鈥�

(With additional reporting by Stephen Kurczy in Boston.)