海角大神

Even before Dilma Rousseff takes office here Jan. 1, some are already calling her 鈥渢he most powerful woman in the world鈥� as the president-elect of this nation, home to a third of Latin Americans whose $1.5 trillion economy is bigger than that of India or Russia.

But what鈥檚 perhaps most surprising about the Oct. 31 Brazilian elections is that the sweeping victory of Ms. Rousseff, a former Marxist guerrilla tortured under the 1964-85 military dictatorship, had little to do with her being Brazil鈥檚 first viable female presidential candidate.

The real story here 鈥� and to a certain extent across the Latin American region, historically known for its machismo 鈥� is that Brazilian voters were largely unconcerned about electing a woman as president. In the past five years, Costa Rica, Argentina, and Chile have also elected women leaders, and now Latin America has 4 of the world鈥檚 18 female heads of state. While they are held up as symbols of women鈥檚 rights in the nations they head, voters have said that other considerations 鈥� from their economic policies to keeping the status quo in the nation 鈥� have played a far greater role in their choices than gender.
Ms. Rousseff鈥檚 12 percent margin of victory here had a lot to do with being the chosen successor and former chief of staff of the most popular male president, Luiz In谩cio da Silva, whose approval ratings hover around 80 percent.

At least 70 percent of Brazilians view the election of a woman president positively, according to September Global Attitudes poll by Pew Research Center. (When Americans were asked the same question in 2007 and told not to consider their feelings about candidate Hillary Clinton, just 33 percent said it would be good to elect a woman, and 55 percent said gender was not part of their reasoning.)

Indeed, Rousseff鈥檚 opponent did not directly make an issue of gender in the campaign, and analysts say that the Brazilian voters are largely comfortable and flexible with candidates who don鈥檛 fit a mold.

鈥淔undamentally her candidacy is the third term of Lula,鈥� says Ros芒ngela Bittar, the editor in chief in 叠谤补蝉铆濒颈补 of the Valor Econ么mico journal and a political columnist. 鈥淚t鈥檚 all fine. It鈥檚 the first female president of Brazil. It鈥檚 a thing to register in the dictionary. But it doesn鈥檛 register emotion. You don鈥檛 see the mobilization of women,鈥� she adds.

In fact, Rousseff had more support in the campaign from male voters than women. A Datafolha poll on Oct. 21 showed 59 percent of male voters saying they鈥檇 choose her, compared to 52 percent of females.

Women have been advancing around the country and 鈥渢his locks it with a golden key, to have a woman president,鈥� says Francisco Abdala, after voting for Rousseff Oct. 31 in Rio de Janeiro. But he says it doesn鈥檛 matter much to him whether the candidate is a man or woman 颅鈥� he鈥檚 a Workers鈥� Party 鈥渕ilitant,鈥� as dedicated party members call themselves. He praises Lula鈥檚 charisma and says that while Rousseff lacks it, he thinks she can do as good a job as he did.

While her campaign did try to capitalize on being the first female president, in her acceptance speech, Rousseff began by touting the milestone, saying: 鈥淔or the first time a woman will preside over Brazil. So I register here my first pledge after the election: to honor the Brazilian women, so that this fact, up until today not yet published, becomes a natural event.鈥�

But despite her wide margin of victory, it doesn鈥檛 mean her presidency is going to be easy, says Paulo Sotero, director of the Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington. In such a historically macho society 鈥渨here the levers of power have always been dominated鈥� by men, he said, it 鈥渋s obviously a challenge鈥� for Rousseff.