海角大神

For Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations secretary-general, the global humanitarian crisis is personal.聽

As a 6-year-old boy, the Korean diplomat was uprooted from his village and school by the Korean War. It was the lifeline extended to him and his family by a fledgling humanitarian system and a nascent United Nations 鈥� shelter, food, schoolbooks 鈥� that allowed that small boy to prosper, Mr. Ban likes to say.

Six decades later, his push to overhaul the international humanitarian system 鈥� marked by the first-ever World Humanitarian Summit in Istanbul, Turkey, starting Monday 鈥� is also personal.

The world faces the largest population of refugees and other displaced people since World War II, and Ban鈥檚 tenure up at the end of this year.

Already, he has overseen the Paris climate change accord and the Sustainable Development Goals. Both of those agreements were seen as new ways of thinking about the key challenges facing the 21st century.

Now, Ban鈥檚 childhood experience 鈥� both the trauma of displacement but also the way the international community gave one little boy 鈥渉ope for the future鈥� 鈥� has prompted him to make a reinvigorated humanitarian system the third piece of his agenda, aides say. 聽聽

But the 鈥渇undamental change鈥� that Ban is looking for is promising to be every bit as difficult as were the climate and development agreements.

Not only does the summit seek to reform an entrenched, top-down system of billion-dollar interests, but the run-up to the meeting has been beset with controversy. No-shows have garnered more attention than the pre-summit reform initiatives.

Russian President Vladimir Putin has declined an invitation and pledges not to be bound by its outcome, saying organizers鈥櫬燿iscussions about humanitarian interventions聽are disregarding national governments鈥� interests.

The global aid group Doctors Without Borders has also pulled out of the summit, claiming nothing is being done about rising attacks on humanitarian facilities such as its hospitals in conflict zones. The group also worries that the summit will rubber-stamp a shift of emergency-response funding to longer-term development efforts.

The snubs represent the polar ends of an intensifying international debate about the power of national governments in overseeing humanitarian interventions.

The nationalist Putin 鈥� who has targeted international humanitarian and rights groups in Russia 鈥� says envisioned reforms would diminish the role of governments聽 鈥渋n the conduct of humanitarian assistance.鈥�

On the other hand, Doctors Without Borders wants action against the states it says are responsible for a significant piece of the humanitarian crisis. Last year alone, 75 of the hospitals it manages or supports were bombed, it says. The summit is 鈥渁 fig leaf of good intentions, allowing these systematic violations, by states above all, to be ignored.鈥�

Beyond such controversies are profound differences over how the humanitarian system should change 鈥� or whether an overhaul is even necessary.

Some organizations insist the system is meeting more needs than ever before 鈥� and isn鈥檛 coming up short in any way that money can鈥檛 fix. Noting that the UN鈥檚 2015 Global Humanitarian Appeal was only about half funded, this faction will attend the summit proclaiming that the system is 鈥渂roke, not broken.鈥�

But for those seeking change, a few questions will loom large.

鈥� 聽鈥� 聽鈥�

One is the potential devolution of more responsibility to local organizations and actors. Advocates say a system developed at the close of the colonial era by Western powers no longer serves in a world of 195 independent nations. It fails to tap the grass-roots organizations already on the ground where most humanitarian disasters arise, they add.

Some of the most ardent proponents of the 鈥済o local鈥� trend are in developing countries. Individuals and groups in this Global South say the established powers can no longer justify monopolizing the purse-strings and decision-making for efforts in their regions.

Some 鈥渘orthern鈥� organizations are joining in. The Britain-based Humanitarian Policy Group pointedly named its pre-summit report 鈥淭ime to Let Go.鈥� It says UN agencies, government aid institutions, and private humanitarian organizations need to give up much of the managing and focus on supporting local counterparts.聽

鈥� 聽鈥� 聽鈥�

The summit will also at least begin to address financing for humanitarian intervention. The major UN agencies that intervene on a large scale on behalf of refugees, displaced populations, and natural-disaster victims do not have an assessed contribution system fed by UN members, as UN peacekeeping does. They have to go hat-in-hand to wealthy countries and other donors every year through the annual Global Humanitarian Appeal.

Critics say this is an inefficient financing system, and UN officials are looking at ways to chip away at it.

One potential model is a new fund for education in protracted humanitarian emergencies. It seeks to raise $3.85 billion from public and private-sector donors to make sure children forced away from home can continue going to school.

鈥淭he idea is that we have the funds available already when disaster strikes 鈥� a contingency to allow us to act,鈥� says Gordon Brown, Ban鈥檚 education envoy.

Another model is called the 鈥淕rand Bargain.鈥� The idea is to entice major donors to make long-term commitments to humanitarian funds in exchange for new efforts at making programs 鈥� and spending 鈥� more efficient.

It鈥檚 unclear how far a two-day summit will take the world鈥檚 humanitarian system down the road of greater effectiveness.

But now, when Ban visits the world鈥檚 refugee camps during the remaining months of his tenure, he鈥檒l be able to do more than tell the story of a little Korean boy who was like them, but who never lost hope that the world was caring for him.

He鈥檒l be able to say that he has tried to change things so that they might have the same opportunities and faith in the future that he did.

The humanitarian revolution

Part 1:聽Reimagining a colonial-era model
Part 2:聽Ensuring the 'dignity' of a job
Part 3: What happens when emergencies don't end?
Part 4:聽At UN summit, a new 'hope'