Was SARS fallout a lesson for China in global citizenship?
| Beijing
Ten years ago this week, the World Health Organization issued a global health alert 鈥� its first-ever 鈥� about the dangers of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS.
In China, where the epidemic had originated, the government was still denying that anything was wrong. Officials were not telling their citizens anything and were lying to the WHO about the death toll. Eventually, medical professionals held SARS responsible for sickening 8,422 people worldwide and killing 916 of them.
鈥淭he Chinese government鈥檚 coverup and inaction were major contributors to the spread of SARS,鈥� says Huang Yanzhong, a public health expert with the Council on Foreign Affairs in New York.
A decade later, Chinese citizens still doubt that their authorities tell them the truth; the blogosphere is currently thick with skeptical reactions to the Shanghai government鈥檚 insistence that nearly 6,000 dead pigs in the city鈥檚 water supply do not constitute a health threat.
But experts here and abroad say that Beijing learned its lessons from the fiasco in 2003, at least as far as fulfilling its international obligations.
鈥淪ARS was a watershed moment,鈥� says Joan Kaufman, director of the Beijing-based Columbia Global Center for East Asia who has spent her life studying China鈥檚 public health system. 鈥淚t set in motion changes that have changed the face of the system.鈥�
In 2003, China鈥檚 healthcare system was in tatters, undermined by years of insufficient funding and lackadaisical political attention. Today, says Sian Griffiths, a professor of public health at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, 鈥淐hina does very impressive real time reporting on infectious diseases鈥� using a computerized system that reaches into the farthest corners of the country. 鈥淪urveillance is hugely better than it was.鈥�
And whereas in 2003 the Chinese government refused to allow a WHO team to visit Guangdong, the epicenter of the SARS epidemic, keeping its members in Beijing for five weeks, today the authorities are in close and cooperative touch with the UN body.
鈥楽ignificant changes鈥�
鈥淭here is no doubt that there have been some very significant changes,鈥� says Professor Huang. One of those changes: Infectious diseases are no longer legally classified as state secrets.
In 2009, for example, when the H1N1 strain of flu spread around the globe, the Chinese government went to the other extreme.
The authorities launched countrywide manhunts to track down the fellow airplane passengers of tourists found to be ill, and imposed draconian quarantine restrictions on visitors from abroad whether or not they had shown any sign of infection. There was no question of keeping the potential threat a secret as it was in 2003.
In 2003, the authorities hid the extent of the SARS epidemic because of fears people would panic 鈥� a major concern for a government whose top priority has been social stability, says Isaac Mao, a Chinese Internet analyst who heads the Sharism Lab, a think tank in Hong Kong.听
In those days, he recalls, 鈥渢he government had many advantages, such as a monopoly over public voices. Their mentality has not changed 鈥� but the paradigm has changed鈥� with the rapid spread of social media. 鈥淢any millions of individuals now have great power in their handhelds,鈥� Mr. Mao argues. 鈥淭he government will never again be able to manipulate the media in its traditional centralized fashion.鈥澛�
Effective way to maintain stability聽
鈥淭he government realizes that its old governance approach no longer works,鈥� adds Huang. 鈥淭hey share information only because they are now convinced that being more transparent is a more effective way of maintaining stability鈥� than being secretive.听
Where once the government feared that too much information might cause problems, it now takes a different tack, says Wu Fan, head of the Shanghai Center for Disease Control. "The government learned a lesson from SARS," she says. "If you don't say anything to the public they will be scared and that causes social problems." The government "changed it's attitude to tell people quickly what is happening," adds Dr. Wu.听
That approach has not been universally adopted, Huang points out. The Environment Ministry recently refused to publish soil pollution figures on the grounds that they are a state secret. Shanghai residents are dubious about the reassurances they are getting about their drinking water.
And sometimes political events have dampened the authorities鈥� enthusiasm for the new openness. In 2008, for example, in the runup to the Olympic Games, the Anhui provincial government tried to cover up a deadly onset of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) so as not to spoil the national atmosphere. The central government also banned all reporting on the discovery of melamine in milk powder, which was held responsible for killing six infants, until the games were over.
A year later the authorities faked the figures, Huang believes, so as not to have to report any H1N1-related deaths before the celebrations marking the 60-year anniversary of the founding of the People鈥檚 Republic in October 2009. The government also suspended all reporting on the disease during the weeklong celebrations.
鈥淧olitical considerations sometimes gain the upper hand in government decisions whether to report a deadly outbreak or not,鈥� Huang argues.
While that may well be the case with local epidemics posing no threat to the outside world, agrees Dr. Kaufman, she does not think that 鈥渋f SARS happened again, political expediency would outweigh international accountability.
鈥淭he consequences would be too great,鈥� she says. 鈥淪ARS was a big lesson for China in global citizenship.鈥澛�
