海角大神

Thursday evenings are leisurely affairs in Oxford, Miss., and many choose to while away the muggy hours at a bookstore in the town square, watching the taping of 鈥淭hacker Mountain Radio,鈥� a sort of Southern-style 鈥淧rairie Home Companion鈥� that features weekly author readings and local musical talent.

But one particular night, the producers were confronted with an unusual problem. With just minutes to go before the show was to go on the air, they found themselves without a featured literary guest. So one of the producers improvised in a way that can perhaps only be done in Oxford: She decided to march outside and simply pluck a published author from the street.

And she did 鈥� in this case a poet 鈥� with time to spare.

The joke in Oxford, hometown of William Faulkner and something of a Southern literary shrine, is that everyone who lives here is either a lawyer or a writer 鈥� and possibly both.

鈥淚f there鈥檚 one thing Southerners can agree on now, it鈥檚 their literary tradition and their writers,鈥� says William Gantt, who directs the Southern Literary Trail, a tri-state tourist pathway through Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, and who also happens to be a partner in the Birmingham, Ala., law firm Huie, Fernambucq & Stewart. 鈥淣ow I can鈥檛 address the storytelling that went on in the Midwest, California, the Northeast 鈥� all I can tell you is that here in the South, because I grew up in it, it was just a part of life.鈥�

Perhaps more than any other place since 19th-century New England, the South has been the inkwell for many of the country鈥檚 most enduring works of fiction 鈥� and Faulkner one of the most analyzed writers since Shakespeare. But without question, the most beloved story produced during that time was Harper Lee鈥檚 1960 novel, 鈥淭o Kill a Mockingbird.鈥�

With the summer release of Ms. Lee鈥檚 new novel, 鈥淕o Set a Watchman,鈥� the controversial and previously unknown precursor to 鈥淭o Kill a Mockingbird,鈥� excitement is building among those within Mr. Gantt鈥檚 wide-ranging circle of literary devotees 鈥� as well as around the globe. 鈥淲e鈥檙e eager I think, like the rest of the nation, to see what happens to these characters,鈥� he says of the new novel, which already has a staggering 2 million advance copies printed.

Ms. Lee鈥檚 second book, however, is arriving in a rapid-fire Digital Age when the 鈥渟erious鈥� novel seems to have waned as a cultural force. While young adult fiction and certain other genres remain popular, literary novels have become more for an elite audience, like paintings or poetry.

American culture has also become more homogenized than it was during the days when Flannery O鈥機onnor and Eudora Welty were spinning their short stories 鈥� and books have to share a diminished cultural attention span with not only movies and TV, but also with video games, YouTube, and Instagram.

Even so, the global anticipation for 鈥淲atchman鈥� highlights those traditions of storytelling and fiction writing that Gantt, like many other Southerners, still considers something of a birthright. The region that tends to both repel and fascinate, from reality television shows such as 鈥淒uck Dynasty鈥� to the frisson surrounding the release of 鈥淲atchman,鈥� offers a glimpse into the forces that shape modern culture and fiction 鈥� for better and worse.

鈥淚t鈥檚 the unkillable 鈥楳ockingbird,鈥� 鈥� says James Crank, assistant professor of American literature at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. 鈥淭here are things within the Southern culture that will survive a nuclear apocalypse and have nothing to do with the real lives of Southerners. We can鈥檛 get enough of the Southern culture [that鈥檚] pushed down our throats.鈥�

鈥� 鈥� 鈥�

鈥淭he past is never dead,鈥� Faulkner famously wrote in 1951. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not even past.鈥�

Today in Oxford, the place where he grew up among aging former slaves and Confederate veterans, old times are indeed still present, 鈥渘ot only as if they had happened yesterday but as if they were still happening, the men who walked through them actually walking in breath and air and casting an actual shadow on the earth they had not quitted,鈥� as he wrote in 鈥淕o Down, Moses.鈥�

As the inspiration for Faulkner鈥檚 fictional town of Jefferson, as well as the haunting landscapes and characters of his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Oxford continues to be a well-traversed stop on the Southern Literary Trail. In front of the courthouse in the old town square, a tall statue of a Confederate soldier stands at attention, gazing 鈥渨ith empty eyes beneath his marble hand in wind and weather,鈥� as the town鈥檚 most famous resident wrote in 鈥淭he Sound and the Fury.鈥�

Oxford鈥檚 Deep South traditions are part of the reason a robust community of writers still flourishes here. 鈥淭here are probably more writers and authors than when Faulkner was here,鈥� says Lyn Roberts, general manager of Square Books, kitty-cornered from the courthouse, and a front porch for local writers since the 1980s.

Oxford鈥檚 sense of history in many ways embodies one of the most distinguishing traits of the Southern literary ethos. More than simple nostalgia, its historical sensibilities are often different from those in other regions of the country.

鈥淔rom Colonial times in New England, people were looking for that 鈥榗ity on a hill鈥� 鈥� a kind of intellectual ferment that produced Emerson, Thoreau, and Melville,鈥� says M. Thomas Inge, professor of humanities at Randolph-Macon College in Ashland, Va.

Forward-looking with a kind of 鈥済o West, young man鈥� or 鈥渙n the road鈥� sensibility, American literature in other regions has a sense of throwing off the burdens of the past to establish some bright new future.

Many writers in the South, however, tend to feel the burdens of history acutely. During the Southern Renaissance of the 1920s and 鈥�30s, writers were still sloughing off a post-Civil War haze. With distance came boldness, and writers like Faulkner and others turned their pens toward the burdens of history, the cost of defeat, the fight for identity, and the South鈥檚 unresolved racial issues.

鈥淭he American sensibility tends to be 鈥榟istory is bunk,鈥� 鈥� says Ron Rash, an American poet and novelist from North Carolina. 鈥淲hen I was doing an interview last year in France, a French critic said, 鈥榃hen I read Southern writers I get a similar sense of history to our own,鈥� and I believe that鈥檚 one reason the French revere Southern writers so much.... What he was getting at was Southern fiction鈥檚 more European sensibility of history鈥檚 importance.鈥�

The South has retained its cultural identity, even amid the influx of globalization and migration. Indeed, the literature has proved to be more resilient than anyone expected, says Wyatt Prunty, director of the Sewanee Writers鈥� Conference in Tennessee.

Look at Mississippi writers like Pulitzer Prize winner Richard Ford and the late Barry Hannah, he notes. Read the works of North Carolina writers Tony Earley, Allan Gurganus, Randall Kenan, and Charles Frazier, who won the National Book Award for 鈥淐old Mountain.鈥� Consider Tennessee poets like Charles Wright and Virginia writers like Lee Smith, who won the O. Henry Award. These are the writers asking questions, trying to make sense from the chaos of the modern world.

鈥淕reat art articulates what the culture is, what its values are, mistakes, human potential,鈥� he says.

And the quest for storytelling remains strong. 鈥淧eople grew up with it around them,鈥� Mr. Prunty says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 handed down; it鈥檚 a tradition you grow up in. It鈥檚 a complex part of the country with many things that have gone quite well and many that have caused thoughtful people to ask questions about themselves. When you start questioning your own backyard, you鈥檙e more apt to produce good literature.鈥�

鈥� 鈥� 鈥�

When Gantt was growing up in the 1960s, 鈥渏ust a kid on a bike鈥� in Demopolis, Ala., he would watch his great aunts and uncles and other members of his extended family gather for chats on the front porch and enthrall each other with stories from the rural region鈥檚 past.

鈥淭hey were usually embellished for entertainment purposes, of course, and I still hear metaphors all the time that I鈥檝e never heard before 鈥� but that鈥檚 what translates into good fiction,鈥� he says. 鈥淎nd there are still Southerners 鈥� less and less of them, mind you 鈥� who work awfully hard at their exaggerations.鈥�

While Chaucer and Shakespeare reverberated through his house as well, Gantt says, what he remembers most is how his mother, a high school literature teacher steeped in the small-town traditions of favoring self-entertainment over TV, would bring newly published books into the house nearly every month.

鈥淎t that time, Eudora Welty, Lillian Hellman, Truman Capote 鈥� so many of these writers were active at that point,鈥� he says. 鈥淎nd Harper Lee 鈥� just one book, but, oh, what a book! 鈥� all these books were coming into the house.鈥�

鈥淭o Kill a Mockingbird鈥� did turn out to be quite a book. The story of young Scout and her father, Atticus Finch, continues to spark countless classroom discussions about the history of America鈥檚 troubling relations between blacks and whites. Translated into at least 40 languages, it has sold more than 40 million copies since it debuted 55 years ago and continues to sell about a million copies a year. One 2009 survey in Britain found that it ranked as the most inspirational book of all time 鈥� ahead of the Bible, which was No. 2.

The language employed in the works of Southern writers such as Faulkner, O鈥機onnor, Richard Wright, and Alice Walker have added to the region鈥檚 literary luminosity 鈥� and, in the eyes of many, remain some of the most elegant and innovative English prose ever written. That sense of literary 茅lan continues today.

鈥淚t鈥檚 just that intense concern with the language, and the joy of language, that I think Southern writers tend to really emphasize,鈥� says Mr. Rash, author of the acclaimed 2014 anthology 鈥淪omething Rich and Strange鈥� and whose novel 鈥淪erena鈥� was labeled a masterpiece by The New York Times. 鈥淭o me, the best test of this is: Can I pick up a writer鈥檚 book, open it up, and just read for the pleasure of the sentences?鈥�

A complex and ambivalent sense of the past鈥檚 weight on the present continues to pervade the writing of many contemporary Southern authors, just as it did earlier ones. Jesmyn Ward, for instance, won the National Book Award for her 鈥淪alvage the Bones,鈥� about a young pregnant girl from the Mississippi bayou who endures the ravages of hurricane Katrina. Ms. Ward alludes directly to Faulkner鈥檚 鈥淎s I Lay Dying,鈥� and her prose style is at once colloquial, biblical, and classically epic.

Ward is one of many new Southern voices who wrestle with the history of the black experience in America, and with a post-Katrina world. Another is PEN/Faulkner finalist T. Geronimo Johnson, whose second novel, 鈥淲elcome to Braggsville,鈥� was called 鈥渢he most dazzling, most unsettling, most oh-my-God-listen-up novel you鈥檒l read this year,鈥� by Ron Charles, editor of The Washington Post Book World.

鈥淏raggsville鈥� is a comic, rollicking, and biting story about the cultural clash between the rural South and a bastion of contemporary politically sensitive liberalism.

鈥淭hese unique experiences of being in America I find endlessly fascinating,鈥� Mr. Johnson says in an interview, 鈥渂ecause we鈥檙e just not always seeing the same thing when we look at history, when we look at the world.鈥�

In 鈥淲elcome to Braggsville,鈥� Georgia teen D鈥檃ron Davenport鈥檚 classmates at the University of California, Berkeley are aghast when he casually mentions in a class called 鈥淎merican History X, Y, and Z: Alternative Perspectives鈥� that his hometown in Georgia stages Civil War reenactments. The next reenactment is scheduled during spring break, and with the help of their professor, the students decide to head to Georgia to stage a mock lynching, or a 鈥減erformative intervention,鈥� to force the townspeople of Braggsville to confront the racist and violent history behind their genteel traditions.鈥�

Even though 鈥楤raggsville鈥� is set in the South, it鈥檚 supposed to be working more as a lens for thinking about America as a whole,鈥� says Johnson. 鈥淎nd this is something that irritates me, that people seem to think that all of America鈥檚 ills rest squarely on the backs of Southerners, and that the rest of the country has entered some state of enlightenment.鈥�

鈥� 鈥� 鈥�

In fact, for many contemporary writers, the old traditions of the South have become burdensome clich茅s. Pat Conroy, author of 鈥淭he Prince of Tides,鈥� joked in 1985 that his mother, 鈥淪outhern to the bone,鈥� once told him, 鈥淎ll Southern literature can be summed up in these words: 鈥極n the night the hogs ate Willie, Mama died when she heard what Daddy did to Sister.鈥� 鈥�

Such stereotypes can make writers from the region bristle. Rash, a two-time finalist for the PEN/Faulkner Award and winner of the SIBA Book Award, says he鈥檚 ambivalent about the term 鈥淪outhern writer鈥� to begin with. 鈥淚 think there鈥檚 a danger anytime you put a label before the term 鈥榳riter,鈥� 鈥� he says. 鈥淭here鈥檚 usually another word implied before that: 鈥榡ust.鈥� 鈥�

As part of the globalized, Internet-connected world, the literature of the South has fractured into familiar genres in the current publishing industry. It ranges from the scathing satires of Carl Hiaasen in Florida to the horror stories of New Orleans-born Anne Rice.

鈥淚f you look around now, there鈥檚 just so many different people writing 鈥� the landscape is now so broad,鈥� says Mr. Charles of The Washington Post. 鈥淲e鈥檙e all so much more mobile now than we used to be. People move around this country constantly 鈥� for college, for jobs, for love.鈥�

Nor do you have to be Southern to write about the South. Nobel Prize laureate Toni Morrison is a good example, notes Ted Ownby, director of the Center for the Study of Southern Culture at the University of Mississippi. Though she was born in Ohio, he ranks her among the writers producing some of the most powerful work about the South over the past 40 years.

鈥淭hemes about the disillusionment and disenfranchisement of Southerners, the disconnect between the Southern mind and American mind 鈥� those themes are still prevalent, but the South is increasingly a homogenized global community,鈥� says Dr. Crank, of the University of Alabama. 鈥淕rowing up in a suburb of Atlanta is not a lot different than growing up in a suburb of Portland, Ore.鈥�

Yet something remains distinct about the South. And no matter what the future holds 鈥� for 鈥淲atchman鈥� or the region鈥檚 literary oeuvre 鈥� its storied past will likely continue to hold allure.

鈥淚 guess the thing about Southern literature is that, maybe even as we鈥檙e writing today 鈥� trying to understand it in relation to yesterday and to the past, and trying to sort out which of these problems we鈥檙e tackling are of our own design and which we have inherited 鈥� we do it in ways that people might do differently in other places,鈥� Johnson says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 almost as if all of these different influences create a sense that the shadows in life run deeper [here], in some way.鈥�