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Getting nowhere in the courts, President Donald Trump鈥檚 scattershot effort to overturn President-elect Joe Biden鈥檚 victory is shifting toward obscure election boards that certify the vote as Mr. Trump and his allies seek to upend the electoral process, sow chaos, and perpetuate unsubstantiated doubts about the count.

The battle is centered in the battleground states that sealed Mr. Biden鈥檚 win.

In Michigan, two Republican election officials in the state鈥檚 largest county initially refused to certify results despite no evidence of fraud. In Arizona, officials are balking at signing off on vote tallies in a rural county.

The moves don鈥檛 reflect a coordinated effort across the battleground states that broke for Mr. Biden, local election officials said. Instead, they seem to be inspired by Mr. Trump鈥檚 incendiary rhetoric about baseless fraud and driven by Republican acquiescence to broadsides against the nation鈥檚 electoral system as state and federal courts push aside legal challenges filed by Mr. Trump and his allies.

Still, what happened in Wayne County, Michigan, on Tuesday was a jarring reminder of the disruptions that can still be caused as the nation works through the process of affirming the outcome of the Nov. 3 election.

There is no precedent for the Trump team鈥檚 widespread effort to delay or undermine certification, according to University of Kentucky law professor Joshua Douglas.

鈥淚t would be the end of democracy as we know it,鈥� Mr. Douglas said. 鈥淭his is just not a thing that can happen.鈥�

Certifying results is a routine yet important step after local election officials have tallied votes, reviewed procedures, checked to ensure votes were counted correctly, and investigated discrepancies. Typically, this certification is done by a local board of elections and then later, the results are certified at the state level.

But as Mr. Trump has refused to concede to Mr. Biden and continues to spread false claims of victory, this mundane process is taking on new significance.

Among key battleground states, counties in Michigan, Nevada, and Wisconsin have all made it through the initial step of certifying results. Except for Wayne County, this process has largely been smooth. Arizona, Pennsylvania, and Georgia still haven鈥檛 concluded their local certifications.

Then all eyes turn to statewide certification.

In Wayne County, the two Republican canvassers at first balked at certifying the vote, winning praise from Mr. Trump, and then reversed course after widespread condemnation. A person familiar with the matter said Mr. Trump reached out to the canvassers, Monica Palmer and William Hartmann, on Tuesday evening after the revised vote to express gratitude for their support.

Time is running short for Mr. Trump. Across the nation, recounts and court challenges must wrap up and election results must be certified by Dec. 8. That鈥檚 the constitutional deadline ahead of the Electoral College meeting the following week.

Matt Morgan, the Trump campaign鈥檚 general counsel, said last week the campaign was trying to halt certification in battleground states until it could get a better handle on vote tallies and whether it would have the right to automatic recounts. Right now, Mr. Trump is requesting a recount in Wisconsin in two counties, and Georgia is doing an hand audit after Mr. Biden led by a slim margin of 0.3 percentage points. Although there is no mandatory recount law in Georgia, the law provides that option to a trailing candidate if the margin is less than 0.5 percentage points.

Some in the president鈥檚 orbit have held out hope that by delaying certification, GOP-controlled state legislatures will get a chance to select different electors, either overturning Mr. Biden鈥檚 victory or sending it to the House, where Mr. Trump would almost surely win.

But most advisers to the president consider that a fever dream. Mr. Trump鈥檚 team has been incapable of organizing even basic legal activities since the election, let alone the widescale political and legal apparatus needed to persuade state legislators to try to undermine the will of their states鈥� voters.

Lawsuits have been filed by Trump allies in Michigan and Nevada seeking to stop certification. Mr. Trump鈥檚 personal attorney Rudy Giuliani argued to stop vote certification in Pennsylvania on Tuesday, the first time he鈥檇 been in a courtroom in decades. And the same day, the Arizona Republican Party asked a judge to bar Maricopa County, the state鈥檚 most populous, from certifying until the court issues a decision about the party鈥檚 lawsuit seeking a new hand count of a sampling of ballots.

The party is also putting pressure on county officials across the state to delay certification, even though there hasn鈥檛 been any evidence of legitimate questions about the vote tally showing that Mr. Biden won Arizona.

鈥淭he party is pushing for not only the county supervisors but everyone responsible for certifying and canvassing the election to make sure that all questions are answered so that voters will have confidence in the results of the election,鈥� said Zach Henry, spokesman for the Arizona Republican Party.

While most counties in Arizona are pressing ahead with certification, officials in Mohave County decided to delay until Nov. 23, citing what they said was uncertainty about the fate of election challenges across the country.

鈥淭here are lawsuits all over the place on everything, and that鈥檚 part of the reason why I鈥檓 in no big hurry to canvass the election,鈥� Mohave County Supervisor Ron Gould said Monday.

Officials in all of Georgia鈥檚 159 counties were supposed to have certified their results by last Friday. But a few have yet to certify as the state works through a hand tally of some 5 million votes.

鈥淭hey are overwhelmed, and they are trying to get to everything,鈥� said Gabriel Sterling, a top official with the Georgia Secretary of State鈥檚 Office. 鈥淪ome of these are smaller, less resourced counties, and there are only so many people who can do so many things.鈥�

In addition, a few counties must recertify their results after previously uncounted votes were discovered during the audit.

Once counties have certified, the focus turns to officials at the state level who are charged with signing off on the election. This varies by state. For instance, a bipartisan panel in Michigan certifies elections, but in Georgia it鈥檚 the responsibility of the elected secretary of state, who has already faced calls by fellow Republicans to resign.

In Nevada, Secretary of State Barbara Cegavske鈥檚 role in certification is largely ministerial, but she still got a batch of emails urging her not to certify 鈥減otentially fraudulent election results,鈥� a spokeswoman said Wednesday. The Justice Department had been looking into one potential case of fraud in the state over voter rolls, but an AP analysis found the case doesn鈥檛 appear to hold much water.

In Pennsylvania鈥檚 Luzerne County, a Republican board member, Joyce Dombroski-Gebhardt, said she will not certify the county鈥檚 election without an audit of at least 10% of the votes to ensure that some voters did not vote twice.

Mr. Trump won the county, where the election board is made up of three Democrats and two Republicans. A Democrat on the board, Peter Oullette, said he had no doubt that the rest of the board will sign the certification on Monday.

Philadelphia also had plans to certify results on Monday.

And some delays could still happen given the crushing workload election officials faced this year during the pandemic, according to Suzanne Almeida with Common Cause Pennsylvania, a good government group that helps with voter education and monitors election work in the state.

鈥淎 delay in certification doesn鈥檛 necessarily mean there are shenanigans; sometimes it just takes longer to go through all the mechanics to get to certification,鈥� Ms. Almeida said.

This story was reported by The Associated Press. Cassidy reported from Atlanta. AP writers Bob Christie and Jacques Billeaud in Phoenix; Marc Levy in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Scott Bauer in Madison, Wisconsin; Kate Brumback in Atlanta; and Ken Ritter in Las Vegas contributed to this report.