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For those who thought that regime change as a policy for dealing with rogue states was dead and buried 鈥� think again.

Regime change may have largely fallen out of the national security lexicon after the policy鈥檚 application encountered years of violent resistance in Iraq and in Afghanistan has delivered the longest war in US history with few positive results.聽

But with the arrival of a hawkish national security team in the Trump White House 鈥� and in particular with the rise of one of the most ardent and enduring advocates of regime change in national security adviser John Bolton 鈥� the old allure of addressing problematic governments and their threatening leaders by simply ousting them is making a comeback.

It is back concerning Iran in the wake of President Trump鈥檚 withdrawal from the international Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, better known as the Iran nuclear deal. Mr. Trump 鈥渋s as committed to regime change as we are,鈥� presidential attorney and informal adviser Rudy Giuliani told his cheering audience at an Iranian opposition gathering in Washington this month.

And it is back and playing a role in the administration鈥檚 approach to North Korea.

North Korean leader Kim Jong-un appears to have decided the United States is dusting off the policy, as he publicly ripped Mr. Bolton鈥檚 influential presence 鈥� and Bolton鈥檚 recent citing of Libya as the model he has in mind for dealing with North Korea 鈥� in threatening to back out of a planned summit with Trump.

Mr. Kim no doubt grasps as much as anyone else the fact that former Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafi did not long survive his agreement with the US to give up every piece of his weapons-of-mass-destruction program. Trump himself invoked the Qaddafi example Thursday in remarks at the White House, saying 鈥渢hat model would take place if we don't make a deal.鈥� However if a deal is made, he continued, "Kim Jong-un is going to be very, very happy.鈥�

In the eyes of some US foreign-policy historians and analysts, any association with Trump of a policy the US has occasionally turned to since at least 1953 鈥� when it engineered a government overthrow in Iran 鈥� would have to be qualified as a kind of regime change lite. That鈥檚 because of the president鈥檚 aversion to engaging large numbers of ground forces, as occurred in the case of both Afghanistan and Iraq.

鈥淭rump himself does not have any kind of foreign policy strategy, what he has is a series of impulses, one of which is a reassertion of American power in response to what can only be called the [wimpiness] of the Obama administration,鈥� says Robert Lieber, a professor of government and international affairs at Georgetown University in Washington.

鈥淏ut at the same time, there is no appetite in any case for a commitment of US ground troops,鈥� he adds. 鈥淪o we can wish for regime change, but it鈥檚 not going to happen any time soon.鈥�

Sergei Grits/AP/FILE

Shortly before he became national security adviser, John Bolton told Radio Free Asia that nuclear negotiations with North Korea should be similar to past discussions with Libya, and Kim Jong-un no doubt grasps the fact that Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafi, here attending a ceremony in Minsk, Belarus, in November 2008, did not long survive his agreement with the US to give up every piece of his weapons-of-mass-destruction program.

If the temptation of regime change as a policy prescription is only arising now, a year-plus into Trump鈥檚 presidency, it鈥檚 because the president鈥檚 first national security team, led by former Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and former national security adviser H. R. McMaster, were more focused on diplomacy 鈥� and engaging even adversarial regimes rather than toppling them. The arrival of Bolton and former CIA Director Mike Pompeo to replace Mr. Tillerson as secretary of State put the administration on a different 鈥渨avelength,鈥� as Trump said in forming his new team.

Indeed what characterizes this new team perhaps more than anything else is its harking to the 鈥渟iren song鈥� of regime change, says Stephen Walt, a Harvard University international relations professor and author, in a recent Foreign Policy column.

Moreover, the revival of regime change in White House national-security thinking appears to be one element in a brewing clash between Bolton and Secretary Pompeo 鈥� another hawk, but one increasingly exploring diplomatic options.

As a Kansas congressman, Pompeo took a backseat to no one in promoting regime change as the only solution in cases of rogue regimes like those of Iran and North Korea. But as CIA director and so far in his brief tenure as the nation鈥檚 top diplomat, Pompeo appears to have modified his thinking.

Upon becoming secretary of State, Pompeo plunged directly into talks with European partners on a fix for the Iran nuclear deal that would meet Trump鈥檚 conditions for staying in the agreement with the Iranian government. Pompeo let it be known that with a little more negotiating time he thought a solution could be reached. But Bolton, a fierce opponent of international agreements that limit the US exercise of power, was gleeful over the US pullout from the deal.

Assurances to Kim

And in the case of North Korea, Pompeo reportedly assured Kim in pre-summit talks in Pyongyang this month that the US is not gunning for his regime as part of its demands for denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.

Appearing on CBS鈥檚 鈥淔ace the Nation鈥� Sunday, Pompeo said he told Kim 鈥渢hat what President Trump wants is to see the North Korean regime get rid of its nuclear weapons program completely and in totality. And in exchange for that,鈥� he added, 鈥渨e are prepared to ensure that the North Korean people get the opportunity which they so richly deserve鈥� 鈥� ambiguous wording to be sure, but wording Pompeo went on to explain meant a lifting of economic sanctions and facilitating the flow of private capital into the country.

Brian Hook, director of Pompeo鈥檚 policy planning staff, said the secretary will outline, in a speech on Monday, 鈥渢he diplomatic way forward 鈥� to address the totality of Iran鈥檚 threats."

Yet regardless of how the looming differences between Bolton and Pompeo play out, clues are already surfacing suggesting that any application of regime change policy in the Trump era is unlikely to resemble the model pursued by former President George W. Bush.

One such hint came from Bolton himself. Within minutes of Trump鈥檚 May 9 announcement of the US withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal, a clearly energized national security adviser told journalists that 鈥渢hey would be badly mistaken if 鈥� they thought鈥� 鈥� as one journalist posited 鈥� that abandoning the deal was a 鈥減recursor鈥� to the US putting boots on the ground in Iran.

But what the Trump model does appear to at least contemplate is a troops-less path to regime change 鈥� one that ramps up sanctions and other economic pressures to such a degree that the Iranian people, for example, rise up and take care of the regime changing on their own.

Some supporters of the administration who also advocate a campaign of measures to weaken and eventually topple the Iranian regime say it鈥檚 just too early to tell if that is also what the White House is aiming for.

鈥淪anctions could become increasingly harsh, and could lead to economic collapse,鈥� says David Wurmser, a foreign policy specialist who served as a special adviser to Bolton when he was at the State Department. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 see the government saying that [regime change] is the policy. But extrapolating forward,鈥� he adds, 鈥渋t is the logical consequence of what we鈥檙e seeing.鈥�

New Iran sanctions

The Trump administration is already using the exit from the Iran deal to begin imposing new sanctions on Iran, having moved this week to complicate Iran鈥檚 international trade by imposing new sanctions on the country鈥檚 central bank.

Yet critics see little chance of 鈥渞egime change lite鈥� working any better than the muscular military version. They cite the cases of Cuba and Venezuela, and say sanctions have done little to weaken the regimes there, even as they deepen the misery of the general population.

鈥淭he belief that ever-tighter sanctions will cause the regime [in Iran] to collapse is wishful thinking,鈥� Dr. Walt says.

Georgetown鈥檚 Dr. Lieber is all for a more assertive exercise of American power 鈥� which he says should mean utilizing all the tools in the diplomatic toolbox. But when it comes to regime change as policy, he generally lumps it in the 鈥渨ishful thinking鈥� basket 鈥� though with one caveat.

鈥淥ne could hope for regime change working in Iran and North Korea, and certainly we know in the Iranian case that the population is very restless and would love regime change,鈥� he says. 鈥淏ut the levers of power are held by the regime in such a way as to make that unlikely. The same holds for North Korea, where the levers of power are firmly in the hands of Kim and his buddies.鈥�

But then Lieber offers the exception 鈥� the slim-but-plausible-chance thinking that is probably what keeps the allure of regime change alive.

Regime change in Iran and North Korea 鈥渃ertainly doesn鈥檛 seem to be in the cards right now,鈥� he says, 鈥渂ut we also shouldn鈥檛 forget the lessons of a case like Eastern Europe. What that taught us is that when regime collapse comes, it can happen swiftly and can come quite unexpectedly.鈥�