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With the US and NATO planning the departure of their forces from Afghanistan by December 2014, some Afghan women and international rights advocates are growing increasingly concerned that a decade-long focus on expanding Afghan women鈥檚 rights will go with them.

As NATO leaders 鈥� mostly men, it鈥檚 fair to say 鈥� assembled in Chicago to plan the transition to a fully Afghan-led security effort next year, another gathering 鈥� this one of Afghan and American women 鈥� focused on the need to protect Afghan women鈥檚 educational, social, and political gains over the last decade.

鈥淲e have to ensure that our commitment to Afghan women does not end as our troops come home,鈥� said US Rep. Jan Schakowsky (D) of Illinois, at a conference Sunday that laid out an eight-point plan for safeguarding and strengthening Afghan women鈥檚 rights.

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Amnesty International, which sponsored Sunday鈥檚 conference, called it a 鈥渟hadow summit鈥� in part because women, and Afghan women in particular, are largely absent from the NATO gathering taking place at the same time.

The Afghan delegation to the NATO summit led by President Hamid Karzai originally included no women, according to Frank Januzzi, director of Amnesty International鈥檚 Washington office. But at least two women were added, including one female member of the Afghan Parliament, when prominent Afghan women protested the absence.

鈥淲e were told the Chicago [NATO] summit has nothing to do with us women,鈥� said Mahbouba Seraj, an Afghan women鈥檚 and children鈥檚 advocate, describing the explanation the Afghan presidential palace originally offered when asked about the all-male Chicago delegation. But she said she and other members of the Afghan Women鈥檚 Network considered it crucial that 鈥渨e bring the voices of the voiceless women of Afghanistan.鈥�

The eight steps called for by Amnesty International and endorsed in an open letter sent to President Obama and Mr. Karzai include significant participation by women in peace talks with the Taliban, institutionalized guarantees of women鈥檚 rights in any reconciliation agreements with the Taliban, creation of a fund targeted at sustaining and enhancing women鈥檚 rights, and specific training of security forces to protect women against violence, including domestic violence.

Concerns about the status and future of Afghan women come after a decade of considerable progress, yet as threats to that progress intensify 鈥� sometimes in shocking fashion.

About 3 million Afghan girls are in school 鈥� more than one-third of the school population 鈥� a decade after Taliban rule that kept girls home. But at the same time, the Taliban continue to ban girls from school in the areas they control, and they burn schools for girls and threaten and kill girls鈥� teachers in disputed areas. Earlier this year insurgents sickened the girls at one school by poisoning the water supply.

Women won more seats in the 2010 parliamentary elections than the law mandated, and a few women are judges and prosecutors.

Earlier this year, at a meeting of the US-Afghan Women鈥檚 Council, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton called protecting Afghan women鈥檚 rights a 鈥渞ed line鈥� for the US. But she acknowledged that forces are arrayed to weaken the progress already made.

鈥淭here are always going to be those, not only in Afghanistan, who want to roll back progress for women and impose second-class citizenship on women,鈥� she said. But she insisted the US 鈥渨ill not waver on this point,鈥� adding that 鈥渁ny peace that is attempted to be made by excluding more than half the population is no peace at all.鈥�

Afghan women concur that warnings are multiplying of a backsliding on rights as the Western presence wanes. One example: a statement issued earlier this year by the country鈥檚 religious leaders, or Ulema Council, advocating segregation of the sexes in Afghan society, including in schools, a ban on women traveling unaccompanied by a male relative, and respect for polygamy. It was not refuted by Karzai.

鈥淧resident Karzai is in a position where he has to appease the Taliban and also work with the international community,鈥� said Manizha Naderi, executive director of Women for Afghan Women.

鈥淲hat we heard back from the palace was that this [Ulema statement] was only a consultation,鈥� added Hasina Safi, executive director of the Afghan Women鈥檚 Education Center in Kabul. 鈥淭here have been gains鈥� for women, she added, but this example demonstrated how 鈥渢hey need to be more specific鈥� and institutionalized.

Representative Schakowsky said such examples underscore exactly why women can鈥檛 simply be seen as the beneficiaries of rights granted by someone else, but must be a part of the discussions that deliberate on those rights 鈥� including at forums like the NATO Summit.

鈥淚t鈥檚 not just about women鈥檚 rights, it鈥檚 about women being part of the process that creates an enduring peace鈥� in Afghanistan, she said. Citing a favorite saying, she added, 鈥淚f you鈥檙e not at the table, you鈥檙e probably on the menu. So women need to be there.鈥�

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