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Columbia University President Minouche Shafik resigned Aug. 14 after a brief, tumultuous tenure that saw the head of the prestigious New York university face heavy scrutiny for her handling of protests and campus divisions over the Israel-Hamas war.

The Ivy League school in upper Manhattan was roiled this year by student demonstrations, culminating in scenes of police officers carrying zip ties and riot shields storming a building that had been occupied by pro-Palestinian protesters. Similar protests swept college campuses nationwide, with many leading to violent clashes with police and thousands of arrests.

The announcement also comes just days after the school confirmed that three deans had resigned after officials said they exchanged disparaging texts during a campus discussion about Jewish life and antisemitism.

Dr. Shafik was also among the university leaders called for questioning before Congress earlier this year. She was heavily criticized by Republicans who accused her of not doing enough to combat concerns about antisemitism on Columbia鈥檚 campus.

Dr. Shafik, who began the role in July last year, announced her resignation in a letter emailed to the university community just weeks before the start of classes on Sept. 3. The university on Aug. 12 began restricting campus access to people with Columbia IDs and registered guests, saying it wanted to curb 鈥減otential disruptions鈥� as the new semester nears.

In her letter, Dr. Shafik heralded 鈥減rogress in a number of important areas鈥� but lamented that during her tenure it was 鈥渄ifficult to overcome divergent views across our community.鈥�

鈥淭his period has taken a considerable toll on my family, as it has for others in the community,鈥� she wrote. 鈥淥ver the summer, I have been able to reflect and have decided that my moving on at this point would best enable Columbia to traverse the challenges ahead.鈥�

Columbia鈥檚 Board of Trustees meanwhile announced that Katrina Armstrong, the CEO of Columbia University Irving Medical Center, will serve as interim president.

鈥淐hallenging times present both the opportunity and the responsibility for serious leadership to emerge from every group and individual within a community,鈥� said Dr. Armstrong, who is also the executive vice president for the university鈥檚 Health and Biomedical Sciences. 鈥淎s I step into this role, I am acutely aware of the trials the University has faced over the past year.鈥�

Pro-Palestinian protesters first set up tent encampments on Columbia鈥檚 campus during Dr. Shafik鈥檚 congressional testimony in mid-April, where she denounced antisemitism but faced criticism for how she鈥檇 responded to faculty and students accused of bias.

The school sent in police to clear the tents the following day, only for the students to return and inspire a wave of similar protests at campuses across the country, with students calling for schools to cut financial ties with Israel and the companies supporting the war.

As the protest rolled on for weeks, the school was thrust into the national spotlight. Republican House Speaker Mike Johnson showed up to denounce the encampment, while Democratic Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York came to support it.

Eventually, talks between the school and the protesters came to a standstill, and as the school set a deadline for the activists to clear out, a group instead took over Hamilton Hall.

Even after the protests were cleared, Columbia decided to cancel its university-wide commencement ceremony, instead opting for a series of smaller, school-based ceremonies.

The campus was mostly quiet this summer, but a conservative news outlet in June published images of what it said were text messages exchanged by administrators while attending the May 31 panel discussion 鈥淛ewish Life on Campus: Past, Present, and Future.鈥�

The officials were removed from their posts, with Dr. Shafik saying in a July 8 letter to the school community that the messages were unprofessional and 鈥渄isturbingly touched on ancient antisemitic tropes.鈥�

Dr. Shafik鈥檚 critics were quick to cheer the end of her tenure, which is one of the shortest in school history.

Mr. Johnson, the house speaker, said her resignation was 鈥渓ong overdue鈥� and should serve as a cautionary example to other university administrators that 鈥渢olerating or protecting antisemites is unacceptable and will have consequences.鈥�

The student group Columbia Students for Justice in Palestine wrote in a post on the social media platform X that Dr. Shafik 鈥渇inally got the memo鈥� after months of protests. The campus chapter of Jewish Voice for Peace wrote it will 鈥渘ot be placated by her removal as the university鈥檚 repression of the pro-Palestinian student movement continues.鈥�

Other prominent Ivy League leaders have stepped down in recent months, in large part due to their response to the volatile protests on campus.

University of Pennsylvania President Liz Magill resigned in December after less than two years on the job amid pressure from donors and criticism over testimony at a congressional hearing where she was unable to say under repeated questioning that calls on campus for the genocide of Jews would violate the school鈥檚 conduct policy.

And in January, Harvard University President Claudine Gay resigned amid plagiarism accusations and similar criticism over her testimony before Congress.

Dr. Shafik said she will return to the United Kingdom to lead an effort by the foreign secretary鈥檚 office to review the government鈥檚 approach to international development.

鈥淚 am very pleased and appreciative that this will afford me the opportunity to return to work on fighting global poverty and promoting sustainable development, areas of lifelong interest to me,鈥� she wrote.

Dr. Shafik was the first woman to take on the role, joining several women newly appointed to take the reins at Ivy League institutions.

The Egyptian-born economist previously led the London School of Economics, but had made her mark largely outside academia with roles at the World Bank, the United Kingdom鈥檚 Department for International Development, the International Monetary Fund, and the Bank of England.

At the time of Dr. Shafik鈥檚 appointment, Columbia Board of Trustees chair Jonathan Lavine had described her as a leader with an 鈥渦nshakable confidence in the vital role institutions of higher education can and must play in solving the world鈥檚 most complex problems.鈥�

This story was reported by The Associated Press. AP reporter Jake Offenhartz in New York contributed to this story.