Why public school enrollment matters to district bottom lines
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Sarah Matusek Staff writer
| New York
Since the pandemic began, scores of students have not shown up to class. Last fall, public K-12 enrollment by 2% on average nationally compared with the year before.
Because student head counts factor into public school funding, the enrollment drop is viewed as a looming 鈥渃risis,鈥� says Marguerite Roza, director of Edunomics Lab at Georgetown University.
If missing students never return, 鈥渢he system is going to have to figure out how to adjust on lower dollars.鈥�
Why We Wrote This
School funding formulas matter more than usual this year after steep pandemic-related declines in attendance. But federal and state efforts to assist are already underway.
Why does enrollment matter for school budgets?聽
Public K-12 schools receive a combination of funds that differs by district. The federal government chips in the smallest share of 聽nationally 鈥� about 8% in fiscal year 2018.
State revenue makes up the biggest share (47%), followed closely by local revenue (45%), which is largely drawn from property taxes. But again, it varies: Before the pandemic, local dollars accounted for two-thirds of district funding in .
At the state level, 鈥渇oundation formulas鈥欌�� are common. They generally guarantee districts a baseline amount, but adjust funds based on shares of certain students in the district, like low-income or special education.聽
Typically, 鈥渁s district wealth decreases, the state contribution increases,鈥� and vice versa, says Anthony Rolle, dean of the Alan Shawn Feinstein College of Education and Professional Studies at Rhode Island University.聽
State funding formulas often rely on prior-year district head counts, like enrollment or average daily attendance, for initial estimates.
Where did the missing students go?
Reasons vary. Reduced kindergarten enrollment drove nearly a third of the 2% nationwide drop. Some parents held back kids old enough to start kindergarten, but young enough to wait. Others turned to private, charter, or home schooling聽options as public schools maneuvered controversial reopenings and setbacks. And up to 3 million marginalized students may not have had any formal education since March 2020, one nonprofit .
What if missing students don鈥檛 return?
To shield districts from losing money due to lower enrollment, several states are adjusting funding formulas in the short term. But if lower enrollment lasts, it could force districts to downsize.
Labor, the biggest district expense, is tough to cut when class size only shrinks slightly.聽
Schools have additional fixed costs that would exist regardless of COVID-19 reductions, says R. Craig Wood, professor of educational administration at the University of Florida. Utilities, transportation, and bond obligations, for example, don鈥檛 disappear even as enrollment dips.聽
鈥淚t鈥檚 very difficult for school districts to cut at the margins,鈥� says Dr. Wood.
Several states are 聽that anticipate higher enrollment. , for instance, adopted a 鈥渉old harmless鈥� provision in September to fund districts based on 2019-20 counts. announced in March it would hold districts harmless for the rest of the school year if they kept or expanded in-person instruction.聽
How badly COVID-19 has battered state economies could also impact how much funding districts receive, adds Dr. Rolle. State responses to declining enrollment will vary widely, says Dr. Wood, and reflect a 鈥減olitical tug of war.鈥�
Wait, didn鈥檛 schools get federal relief money?
Congress approved $67.5 billion in pandemic relief for K-12 schools last year. The American Rescue Plan Act signed into law March 11 offers nearly double that amount at $126 billion.
The first round of relief last March was largely spent on remote learning. The second approved in December is flexible but likely to address learning loss 鈥撀燼nd is still en route to districts, says Dr. Roza.
The latest relief bill (on average $2,520 per student) aims to support school reopenings and help students catch up. A sliver goes to state education agencies, but the bill prohibits states from using the new federal funds 鈥渁s an excuse to cut state education spending鈥� in their next two fiscal budgets, reports the news site . The education secretary, however, can waive that requirement.
Reopening has impacted district budget health, according to Dr. Roza鈥檚 . Mostly remote districts generally have surpluses, which could pad budgets next year. But districts operating mostly in person are more likely overspending and counting on extra relief. Expenses like substitute teachers and nurses this school year made reopening costly.
The largest Arizona district, operating mostly in person, is bracing for a potential fiscal cliff in a couple years when its $110 million聽stimulus dries up. Since last spring, Mesa Public Schools has lost at least 4,200 students 鈥撀燼 7% enrollment decline. Though federal relief helped spare layoffs for now, and more money is likely on the way, the district must reduce expenses in line with its new size, says Assistant Superintendent Scott Thompson.聽
Major budget cuts don鈥檛 make sense, he says, 鈥渁t the same time that we need to do more for kids than we鈥檝e ever needed to do before.鈥�
