海角大神

The image of 29,000 teachers and support staff striking, just a week into the school year, and nearly 400,000 students in the nation鈥檚 third-largest district left without classes is not one that any mayor wants.

As Chicago teachers go into the second day of strikes, both Mayor Rahm Emanuel (D) and Chicago Teachers Union (CTU) President Karen Lewis have a lot at stake 鈥� and the outcome may well affect education-reform efforts far beyond the city of Chicago.

The pivotal points of disagreement in Chicago echo battles in many other districts as reforms around teacher evaluation, seniority, and teacher accountability are pushed through, but this is the first big district in which organized labor has taken such a major stand.聽

鈥淚t鈥檚 Old Labor meets New Democrat meets fiscal crisis. That鈥檚 the perfect storm,鈥� says Timothy Knowles, director of the University of Chicago鈥檚 Urban Education Institute. 鈥淢ayors are saying, 'Is Rahm going to prevail? If he does, it may mean I can push harder here.' Labor is saying, 鈥業s Karen going to prevail? If she does 鈥� it means we can dig in our heels and resist the reform mantra more aggressively.' That鈥檚 what鈥檚 in the balance.鈥�

The strike is Chicago鈥檚 first in 25 years, and the first in a major urban district since Detroit teachers went on strike in 2006. Notably, negotiators seem to have largely agreed on compensation聽鈥� traditionally the biggest reason for a strike 鈥� with the city ultimately offering a 16 percent salary increase over the next four years, far more than it initially put on the table. Instead, the major sticking points have been around some of the most prevalent education-reform issues, particularly teacher evaluations and job security.

That 鈥� and the fact that negotiators were reportedly fairly close to an agreement over the weekend 鈥� caused Mayor Emanuel to suggest, in press conferences on both Sunday and Monday, that this is 鈥渁 strike of choice鈥� that could have been avoided. And some wondered whether it was primarily a show of force by a strong union president eager to show Emanuel just how badly he miscalculated the union鈥檚 power.

Ms. Lewis, for her part, sought to portray the union as being forced into the strike by a bullying mayor and Chicago schools CEO who aren鈥檛 listening to teachers on important concerns related to class size, benefits, job security, and even the lack of air conditioning in many buildings.

鈥淭his is a difficult decision and one we hoped we could avoid,鈥� Lewis said in a statement Sunday night. 鈥淲e must do things differently in this city if we are to provide our students with the education they so rightfully deserve.鈥�

Performance-based teacher evaluations have been a contentious issue in many states and districts. Use of student test results to help measure teacher quality was heavily encouraged with the federal Race to the Top Fund, and is one of the fastest-moving and most controversial of current reforms.

In Illinois, a new state law has mandated a teacher-evaluation system which relies in part on student growth on test scores, which alarms teachers unions, who fear that teachers will be fired for factors beyond their control. Chicago Public Schools CEO Jean-Claude Brizard says that the new evaluation system 鈥渨as not developed to be a hammer,鈥� but rather to help teachers improve 鈥撀燽ut that鈥檚 not the way many teachers see it. The union claims that the proposed system could result in 6,000 teachers losing their jobs in the first few years of the program 鈥� a figure the district vigorously disputes.

Another dispute has to do with job security and teacher 鈥渞ecall鈥� 鈥� specifically whether laid-off teachers will have the right to be the first hired back once the city is hiring again.

The city has made some concessions on that issue already, offering to put teachers in a reassigned teacher pool for five months, or giving some teachers recall rights for a year, depending on the reason they were laid off, such as school closings, school turnaround efforts, or other reasons. But the mayor has said he needs to give principals at new schools the chance to hire the teachers they want, not just former CPS teachers who lost their jobs.

鈥淚 see this as one local union trying to dig in its heels [against] any major changes,鈥� says Eric Hanushek, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution in Stanford, Calif., a frequent union critic and advocate of increased accountability for teachers. 鈥淢y own view is that it鈥檚 not in the interest of unions to do this.鈥�

But with the standoff in Chicago just taking shape, it was unclear on Monday who was gaining the upper hand 鈥� and in the event the strike goes on for any length of time, Chicagoans may give the blame to the mayor.

鈥淧eople tend to see teacher strikes more through the lens of their child鈥檚 teacher,鈥� says Mr. Knowles of the University of Chicago.

And some observers around the country are wondering whether Emanuel, President Obama's former chief of staff, miscalculated just how far he could push the union.

A state law pushed through the legislature last year required 75 percent agreement by union members to get strike authorization 鈥� a bar that almost everyone thought was unattainable. Instead, the CTU got more than 90 percent of its members to authorize a strike in June.

Emanuel also pushed heavily for a longer school day and year (Chicago鈥檚聽have聽traditionally been聽among聽the shortest in the nation)聽and angered many teachers over his efforts to push it through without their support, to force teachers to work longer hours without increased pay, and to bypass the union by getting teachers at individual schools to waive the contract.

In the end, an agreement on the longer day was reached聽鈥� more time was added, but the district is hiring nearly 500 teachers to make up the extra time, and no instructional time is being added to current teachers鈥� workload 鈥� but the process left a bitter taste in many teachers鈥� mouths.

Still, some of the teachers鈥� discontent may be less over the specific local Chicago issues and more to do with the broader reform efforts nationwide, which many teachers see as an attack on their profession.

鈥淭eachers have come under assault from every direction over the last several years,鈥� says Richard Kahlenberg, a senior fellow at the Century Foundation. 鈥淵ou have a Democratic administration that doesn鈥檛 really do much to defend teachers or teachers鈥� unions," he adds.

Issues like layoffs, increased class size, limits on collective bargaining in some states, the increased accountability from No Child Left Behind, and even the film, 鈥淲on鈥檛 Back Down鈥� 鈥� aired at the Democratic National Convention last week and viewed by many as anti-teachers union 鈥� all have some teachers pushed to the breaking point, Mr. Kahlenberg says.

鈥淕iven all the pressures that teachers have been facing from different quarters, it鈥檚 not surprising that you鈥檇 see teachers saying, 鈥楨nough,鈥� 鈥� he adds.

Knowles agrees that Lewis, at the CTU, was likely able to 鈥� tap into a whole vein of discontent among teachers鈥� in getting her authorization vote.

The real implications of the Chicago strike on education reforms nationwide, of course, depend on who 鈥渨ins.鈥� Whenever an agreement is reached 鈥� probably relatively quickly 鈥� expect both sides to claim victory.

A few things to watch for:

Does the city cave on the teacher recall issue? It could give some concessions, but if the union actually gets the full recall rights it wants, it would be a big victory for the CTU.

Does the city get the changes it would like on so-called 鈥渟tep and lane鈥� increases? These are salary increases that a teacher gets automatically due to seniority and extra credentials, which the city would like to do away with. Emanuel has already conceded on the merit pay he wanted to implement, and may have to give way here too.

A less-talked about issue, says Knowles, is 鈥渂umping rights.鈥� Chicago is one of the few unionized cities where teachers don鈥檛 have the right to bump another less senior teacher out of a position at a different school. If the union somehow gets that reinstated 鈥撀爌erhaps in exchange for something else 鈥撀爐hat would be a big win for labor.

鈥淵ou have traditional organized labor 脿 la Chicago, and a hard-charging reform-minded Democrat [mayor], pro-charter [school], pro-teacher accountability, pro-merit pay, but he has no money,鈥� says Knowles. 鈥淚 think everyone around the country is interested in" what will happen.