海角大神

When a wildfire tore through Briceburg nearly two years ago, the tiny community on the edge of Yosemite National Park lost the only power line connecting it to the electrical grid.

Rather than rebuilding poles and wires over increasingly dry hillsides, which could raise the risk of equipment igniting catastrophic fires, the nation鈥檚 largest utility decided to give Briceburg a self-reliant power system.

The stand-alone grid made of solar panels, batteries, and a backup generator began operating this month. It鈥檚 the first of potentially hundreds of its kind as Pacific Gas & Electric works to prevent another deadly fire like the one that forced it to file for bankruptcy in 2019.

The ramping up of this technology is among a number of strategies to improve energy resilience in California as a cycle of extreme heat, drought, and wildfires hammer the U.S. West, triggering massive blackouts and threatening the power supply in the country鈥檚 most populous state. Other tactics include raising the cost of electricity during high-demand hours 鈥� when it鈥檚 most expensive to provide it 鈥� and offering cash and prizes to conserve energy when the grid is strained.

鈥淚 don鈥檛 think anyone in the world anticipated how quickly the changes brought on by climate change would manifest. We鈥檙e all scrambling to deal with that,鈥� said Peter Lehman, the founding director of the Schatz Energy Research Center, a clean energy institute in Arcata.

The response follows widespread blackouts in California in the past two years that exposed the power grid鈥檚 vulnerability to weather. Fierce windstorms led utilities to deliberately shut off power to large swaths of the state to keep high-voltage transmission lines from sparking fire. Then last summer, an oppressive heat wave triggered the first rolling outages in 20 years. More than 800,000 homes and businesses lost power over two days in August.

During both crises, a Native American reservation on California鈥檚 far northern coast kept the electricity flowing with the help of two microgrids that can disconnect from the larger electrical grid and switch to using solar energy generated and stored in battery banks near its hotel-casino.

As most of rural Humboldt County sat in the dark during a planned shutoff in October 2019, the Blue Lake Rancheria became a lifeline for thousands of its neighbors: The gas station and convenience store provided fuel and supplies, the hotel housed patients who needed a place to plug in medical devices, the local newspaper used the conference room to put out the next day鈥檚 edition, and a hatchery continued pumping water to keep its fish alive.

鈥淲e鈥檝e had outages before, but they were not severe. This one lasted almost three days for us,鈥� said Shad Overton, a manager at Mad River Hatchery. 鈥淭he electricity from the microgrid pumped the diesel fuel we needed for our generator.鈥�

During a few hours of rolling blackouts last August, the reservation鈥檚 microgrids went into 鈥渋sland mode鈥� to help ease stress on the state鈥檚 maxed-out grid.

鈥淲e seemed to arrive just in time to handle these emergencies, but it鈥檚 about good governance over the last decades that paid attention to [...] what tribal elders were saying about how the conditions were changing, and taking that information and planning for it,鈥� said Jana Ganion, the tribe鈥檚 director of sustainability.

Energy experts said the tribe鈥檚 $8 million microgrids highlight the technology鈥檚 potential in providing reliable power to hospitals, fire stations, and other small-scale operations that can provide emergency services during a disaster, and to remote communities vulnerable to power loss.

鈥淎nything that can give you a little bit of electricity, charge your phone, or keep the fridge running when it鈥檚 dark is enormously valuable. Microgrids can play a huge part in that,鈥� said Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at the University of California, Berkeley.

The state鈥檚 energy commission has funded dozens of projects, serving as test beds for policies that might lead to tcommercialization of microgrids. Regulators are trying to resolve a longstanding rule that prohibits private microgrids from selling their excess electricity 鈥渙ver the fence鈥� because they are not regulated by the state.

In Briceburg, PG&E determined the cost of installing and maintaining the remote grid outweighed the long-term expense and risk of replacing power lines, utility spokesman Paul Doherty said. The five customers who draw power from it will pay the same rate as they did before.

Meanwhile, the state鈥檚 grid managers are grappling with the same challenge they faced last year. California routinely buys electricity from neighboring states when it is short on power, but imports are hard to come by when other states are hit by the same heat wave.

Bracing for another summer of heatwaves, utilities across the U.S. West have been signing contracts for more emergency power supplies and are trying to make sure they aren鈥檛 relying on the same suppliers as everyone else.

The grid needs to be balanced at all times between electricity supply and demand. On hot days, it is stressed in the late afternoon and early evening, when solar power generation tails off after dark.

The California Independent System Operator said there have been upgrades in power storage and transmission since last summer, including four times the amount of battery storage from the current 500 megawatts on its system to 2,000 megawatts by August. In all, there will be about 3,500 megawatts of capacity 鈥� enough to power some 2.6 million homes.

There are setbacks too:聽An intensifying drought is weakening the state鈥檚 hydroelectric facilities.

Officials warned power shortages could still happen this summer.

鈥淲e just don鈥檛 know how hot it鈥檚 going to get and we don鈥檛 know how much demand will be,鈥� said Mr. Borenstein, who also sits on ISO鈥檚 board of governors.

To encourage utility customers to shift some energy use to times when renewable resources are most plentiful, utilities are moving customers to new rate plans where they pay less in the daytime and more during peak demand hours.

One company is offering incentives, in the form of cash and gift cards, to people who reduce their household consumption at key times. OhmConnect, a regulated participant on the electricity market, said during a four-day period last summer when ISO issued 鈥淔lexAlerts鈥� urging conservation, customers who agreed to let the company manage their smart thermostats and appliances helped take off almost 1 gigawatt-hour of energy 鈥� the equivalent of San Francisco鈥檚 typical hourly use.

Cisco DeVries, CEO of the Oakland-based startup, joked that the opportunity to earn money by saving energy seems too good to be true so the company enlisted聽.

鈥淏lackouts feel like a thing that happens that you have no control over, when the reality is that if we work together we actually can prevent it,鈥� Mr. DeVries said.

This story was reported by The Associated Press.聽