Were dinosaurs really warm blooded? Eggshells hold hints.
The answer to a long-standing paleontological debate may come from an unlikely source: Eggshells. Very old eggshells.
Using fossilized eggs from Argentina and Mongolia鈥檚 Gobi desert, researchers have calculated the body temperature of titanosaurs and oviraptors, respectively.
By determining the core temperatures of these and other long-extinct species, scientists can and behaviors, finds a study, led by UCLA researcher Robert Eagle, that appeared Tuesday in Nature Communications.
Paleontologists have long attempted to estimate dinosaurs' body temperatures. Some have suggested that they were cold-blooded and lizard-like; others have propose a warmer, more mammalian, metabolic model. But while previous studies revolved mostly around modeling and statistics, Dr. Eagle based his analysis on chemistry.
The hard exterior of an eggshell is made up of a mineral called calcium carbonate, a compound of聽carbon, oxygen, and calcium. When this mineral is produced, two rare chemical isotopes 鈥� carbon-13 and oxygen-18 鈥� tend to bond together. With a mass spectrometer, researchers could measure these isotopic bonds in fossilized eggs. Eagle notes that C-13 and O-18 cluster more at cold temperatures, and less so at hot temperatures.
鈥淪o the abundance of these bonds reflects the body temperature of the female when the eggshell forms,鈥� Eagle explains.
According to Eagle鈥檚 findings, large sauropod dinosaurs were probably warm blooded. Like modern mammals and birds, they would have generated body heat internally. Surprisingly, oviraptors had low core temperatures and slow metabolic rates compared to other dinosaurs and modern birds. According to Eagle, they were likely 鈥渋ntermediate鈥� ectotherms 鈥� only partly cold blooded.
鈥淭here are two possible explanations,鈥� Eagle says. 鈥淥ne, their ability to generate heat internally [may have been] different. Alternatively, the very large dinosaurs may have had higher capacity to retain environmental heat due to their gigantic size.鈥�
But why does it matter how hot or cold a dinosaur鈥檚 blood ran?
Body temperature is directly linked to metabolic rate. Warm-blooded animals, also known as endotherms, are capable of internal body regulation. As such, mammals and birds are suited to prolonged physical activity. But cold-blooded animals, or ectotherms, rely on environmental heat sources, and are usually聽capable of strenuous activity only in short bursts.
So by determining the body heat of dinosaurs we can understand parts of their physiology, make inferences about their hunting methods, and determine their environmental range.
鈥淭his is just the beginning, and the first application of this technique,鈥� Eagle says. 鈥淭here is a huge array of questions that can be asked.鈥�
