Strange, clawed, lonely worm fossil finds family tree at last
When researchers first discovered the fossil worm听Hallucigenia听in the 1970s, they were so perplexed they identified its head as its tail and its legs as its spines.
Now, this 505-million-year-old worm, whose fossil was discovered in Canada's Burgess shale, has been put to rights 鈥� and even given a place in a family tree. According to a new study of the creatures' odd claws,听Hallucigenia听sparsa听is the ancestor of modern-day听, which are strange, sluglike creatures with centipede-style legs.
The finding is surprising because it rewrites the evolutionary history of spiders, insects and crustaceans, said study researcher Javier Ortega-Hernandez, a paleobiologist at the University of Cambridge. Most genetic studies have found that these arthropods are close relatives of today's velvet worms, Ortega-Hernandez听. But the new study finds that velvet worms are only distant cousins of arthropods. []
"The peculiar claws of听Hallucigenia听are a smoking gun that solves a long and heated debate in evolutionary biology," said study researcher Martin Smith, an earth scientist at the University of Cambridge.
Weird worm
Hallucigenia听lived during the Cambrian Explosion, a time when animal life exploded in diversity. The worms were seafloor dwellers and grew to be only about 1.3 inches (35 millimeters) long.
The ancient creature gets its name from the word "," a moniker the worm earned due to its weird body. The animal's head looks almost like its tail, and the creature has seven or eight pairs of legs as well as strange back-spikes.
In 1992, Lars Ramskold, then at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, turned the animal right-side up. Even so the animal still puzzled scientists.
"Even with the correct orientation,听Hallucigenia听has been regarded as problematic, because there are few features that connect it directly with living organisms," Ortega-Hernandez told Live Science in an email.
It was听Hallucigenia's claws that gave the crucial clue to the worm's family relationships. The claws are made of a fingernail-like substance stacked like cups (or like Russian dolls), the same structure found in the modified chewing claws of modern velvet worms.
"This is very significant, because the only other occurrence of that configuration is found in velvet worms (also known as onychophorans)," Ortega-Hernandez wrote.
The finding, detailed online yesterday (Aug. 17) in the journal Nature, puts听Hallucigenia听in the lineage of velvet worms, but disrupts the link between those worms and modern spiders, insects and crustaceans, a group known as arthropods. In fact, Ortega-Hernandez said, the new results suggest that arthropods are more closely related to another weird organism:. These microscopic cuties are incredibly hardy. They can even听.
"It鈥檚 often thought that modern animal groups arose fully formed during the Cambrian Explosion," Smith said. "But evolution is a gradual process: Today鈥檚 complex anatomies emerged step by step, one feature at a time. By deciphering 'in-between' fossils like听Hallucigenia, we can determine how different animal groups built up their modern body plans."
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