海角大神

Some 64 years after the Lego first began manufacturing toys, the company unveiled this week a first: a female scientist minifigure.

The minifigure, identified on her nametag as a professor, is Lego鈥檚 first and steps into what has often been fingered as a major gap in the toy company鈥檚 lineup of toys. While LEGO has a in the sciences, including a female astronaut and surgeon, miniature male scientists and engineers still far outnumber their female counterparts in Lego鈥檚 product line.

And that鈥檚 a workforce portrait mirrored in the full-size world.

Even as women earn some 60 percent of all BAs, women remain , according to the National Science Foundation. In 2010, women received about 18 percent of all computer science and engineering BAs presented in the US, as well as about 40 percent of all mathematics and physical sciences BAs.

And the statistics become more alarming in the workforce, where women represent about 11 percent of all American engineers, about 25 percent of all computer scientists, and about 40 percent of physical scientists. Female scientists and engineers, regardless of degree or age, also never match their male counterparts in salary: women employed full time in science and engineering professions average about $17,000 less in earnings than men.

In large part, researchers have identified a subtle but persistent cultural bias as behind the disparities in representation in earnings. In 1997, the Swedish Medical Research Council (MRC)^听 found that women had to be about 2.2 times more productive than their male counterparts to be as successful in winning research awards. The researchers portrayed the slights less as outright distain for and discrimination against women and more as an unnoticed but insidious belief that women鈥檚 brains are not quite as mathematically adroit as men鈥檚 brains.

And in 15 years, little has changed: last year, a Yale research team showed that substituting a female name for a male name on a scientists resume significantly . Faculty at participating schools rated 鈥淛ohn鈥� as significantly more competent and hirable than 鈥淛ennifer鈥� 鈥� as well as worthy of a higher starting salary 鈥� even though the man and the woman had identical resumes. A similar research project from 2010 also found that graduate students as more rigorous, influential, and innovative than those from female scientists. No wonder that almost half of women in the sciences, bristling after years of passed promotions and low salaries, will before retirement.

That same quiet bias that pervades hiring and awards committees could also be what keeps women from even applying to those jobs or enrolling in science and math courses. Women, studies have suggested, often do not believe that women are good at math, and women who do not believe that women are good at math will meet those low expectations for themselves. Research has shown that girls perform worse on math exams if reminded beforehand that girls aren鈥檛 good with numbers. Other studies have also suggested that women graduates with science degrees lack confidence in their own skills and demure in applying to the science and engineering jobs to which male candidates apply in droves.

So, to combat a subtle problem, advocates have encouraged a subtle solution: putting toys on the shelves that normalize that idea that women belong in the sciences.

鈥淭he brilliant Scientist鈥檚 specialty is finding new and interesting ways to combine things together,鈥� according to Lego's website. The woman, wearing a lab coat and holding two gem-colored flasks, is also a 鈥淣obrick Prize鈥� winner and boasts an impressive record in biomedical engineering 鈥� or, in helping 鈥渕inifigures that have misplaced their legs鈥� get new, weird limbs.

At the moment, Lego is also reviewing a set of as part of its CUUSOO competition, a wing of its operations that allows the public to suggest new product designs. The creator, who identifies herself as a female geochemist, has proposed a line of minifigures that includes a female paleontologist, chemist, geologist, bioengineer, and astronomer.

鈥淚 have designed some professional female minifigures that also show that girls can become anything they want,鈥� she writes.