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Humanity still has a chance, close to the last one, to prevent the worst of climate change鈥檚 future harms, a top United Nations panel of scientists said Monday.

But doing so requires quickly slashing carbon pollution and fossil fuel use by nearly two-thirds by 2035, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said. The U.N. chief said it more bluntly, calling for an end to new fossil fuel exploration and rich countries quitting coal, oil, and gas by 2040.

鈥淗umanity is on thin ice 鈥� and that ice is melting fast,鈥� U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said. 鈥淥ur world needs climate action on all fronts 鈥� everything, everywhere, all at once.鈥�

Stepping up his pleas for action on fossil fuels, Mr. Guterres not only called for 鈥渘o new coal鈥� but also for eliminating its use in rich countries by 2030 and poor countries by 2040. He urged carbon-free electricity generation in the developed world by 2035, meaning no gas-fired power plants too.

That date is key because nations soon have to come up with goals for pollution reduction by 2035, according to the Paris climate agreement. After contentious debate, the U.N. science panel calculated and reported that to stay under the warming limit set in Paris the world needs to cut 60% of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2035, compared with 2019, adding a new target not previously mentioned in the six reports issued since 2018.

鈥淭he choices and actions implemented in this decade will have impacts for thousands of years,鈥� the report, said calling climate change 鈥渁 threat to human well-being and planetary health.鈥�

鈥淲e are not on the right track but it鈥檚 not too late,鈥欌�� said report co-author and water scientist Aditi Mukherji. 鈥淥ur intention is really a message of hope, and not that of doomsday.鈥欌��

With the world only a few tenths of a degree away from the globally accepted goal of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) since pre-industrial times, scientists stressed a sense of urgency. The goal was adopted as part of the 2015 Paris climate agreement, and the world has already warmed 1.1 degrees Celsius (2 degrees Fahrenheit).

This is likely the last warning the Nobel Peace Prize-winning collection of scientists will be able to make about the 1.5 mark because their next set of reports will likely come after Earth has either breached the mark or locked into exceeding it soon, several scientists, including report authors, told The Associated Press.

After 1.5 degrees 鈥渢he risks are starting to pile on,鈥� said report co-author Francis X. Johnson, a climate, land, and policy scientist at the Stockholm Environment Institute. The report mentions 鈥渢ipping points鈥� around the temperature of species extinction, including coral reefs, irreversible melting of ice sheets, and sea level rise on the order of several meters (several yards).

鈥淭he window is closing if emissions are not reduced as quickly as possible,鈥� Mr. Johnson said in an interview. 鈥淪cientists are rather alarmed.鈥�

Mr. Mukherji, also the climate change impact platform director at the research institute CGIAR,聽added that 鈥�1.5 is a critical limit, particularly for small islands and mountain [communities] which depend on glaciers.鈥�

Many scientists, including at least three co-authors, said hitting 1.5 degrees is inevitable.

鈥淲e are pretty much locked into 1.5,鈥� said report co-author Malte Meinshausen, a climate scientist at the University of Melbourne in Australia. 鈥淭here鈥檚 very little way we will be able to avoid crossing 1.5 C sometime in the 2030s,鈥� but the big issue is whether the temperature keeps rising from there or stabilizes.

Mr. Guterres insisted that 鈥渢he 1.5-degree limit is achievable.鈥� Science panel chief Hoesung Lee said so far the world is far off course.

鈥淭his report confirms that if the current trends, current patterns of consumption and production continue, then ... the global average 1.5 degrees temperature increase will be seen sometime in this decade,鈥� Mr. Lee said.

Scientists emphasize that the world, civilization, or humanity won鈥檛 end if and when Earth hits and passes the 1.5 degree mark. Mr. Mukherji said, 鈥淚t鈥檚 not as if it鈥檚 a cliff that we all fall off.鈥� But an earlier International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report detailed how the harms 鈥� from coral reef extinction to Arctic sea ice absent summers to even nastier extreme weather 鈥� are much worse beyond 1.5 degrees of warming.

鈥淚t is certainly prudent to be planning for a future that鈥檚 warmer than 1.5 degrees,鈥� said IPCC report review editor Steven Rose, an economist at the Electric Power Research Institute in the United States.

If the world continues to use all the fossil fuel-powered infrastructure either existing now or proposed Earth will warm at least 2 degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times, blowing past the 1.5 mark, the report said.

Because the report is based on data from a few years ago, the calculations about fossil fuel projects already in the pipeline do not include the increase in coal and natural gas use after Russia鈥檚 invasion of Ukraine, said report co-author Dipak Dasgupta, a climate economist at The Energy and Resources Institute in India. The report comes a week after the Biden Administration in the United States approved the huge Willow oil-drilling project in Alaska, which could produce up to 180,000 barrels of oil a day.

The report and the underlying discussions also touch on the disparity between rich nations, which caused much of the problem because carbon dioxide emissions from industrialization stay in the air for more than a century and poorer countries get hit harder by extreme weather.

If the world is to achieve its climate goals, poorer countries need a 鈥渕any-fold鈥� increase in financial help to adapt to a warmer world and switch to non-polluting energy. Countries have made financial pledges and promises of a damage compensation fund.

If rich countries don鈥檛 cut emissions quicker and better help victim nations adapt to future harms, 鈥渢he world is relegating the least developed countries to poverty,鈥� said Madeline Diouf Sarr, chair of a coalition of the poorest nations.

The report offers hope if action is taken, using the word 鈥渙pportunity鈥� nine times in a 27-page summary. Though the opportunity is overshadowed by 94 uses of the word 鈥渞isk.鈥�

The head of the IPCC said the report contains 鈥渁 message of hope in addition to those various scientific findings about the tremendous damages and also the losses that climate change has imposed on us and on the planet.鈥�

鈥淭here is a pathway that we can resolve these problems, and this report provides a comprehensive overview of what actions we can take to lead us into a much better, livable future,鈥� Mr. Lee told The Associated Press.

Mr. Lee stressed that it鈥檚 not the panel鈥檚 job to tell countries what they should or shouldn鈥檛 do to cap global temperature rise at 1.5 Celsius.

鈥淚t鈥檚 up to each government to find the best solution,鈥� he said, adding that scientists hope those solutions will stabilize the globe鈥檚 temperature around 1.5 degrees.

Asked whether this would be the last report to describe ways in which 1.5 C can be achieved, Mr. Lee said it was impossible to predict what advances might be made that could keep that target alive.

鈥淭he possibility is still there,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t depends upon, again, I want to emphasize that, the political will to achieve that goal.鈥�

Activists also found grains of hope in the reports.

鈥淭he findings of these reports can make us feel disheartened about the slow pace of emissions reductions, the limited transition to renewable energy, and the growing, daily impact of the climate crisis on children,鈥� said youth climate activist Vanessa Nakate, a goodwill ambassador for UNICEF. 鈥淏ut those children need us to read this report and take action, not lose hope.鈥�

This story was reported by The Associated Press.