海角大神

When Lisa Bracken noticed gas bubbling to the surface of Divide Creek, which runs along one side of her 60 acres in western Colorado, she suspected another gas 鈥渟eep.鈥� It had happened once before, in 2004, after faulty natural-gas drilling in the vicinity contaminated the creek with benzene and methane.

Her concern, though, is not confined to the small waterway. Her cottonwood and pinyon trees are dying, along with parts of meadowland that her family manages for wildlife, and Ms. Bracken believes the likely culprit is methane seepage stemming from one or more of the 11 natural-gas wells within a mile of her property 鈥� though independent investigations have not been able to prove a link.

鈥淚t is so frustrating to watch the land die,鈥� she says. Bracken does not think the current drought is responsible. 鈥淲e have seen it go through drought cycles, but nothing like this. The land has lost its ability to sustain itself.鈥�

Her concern and that of others is putting new scrutiny on a drilling practice knows as 鈥渇racing,鈥� short for hydraulic fracturing.

A common component of natural-gas extraction worldwide, fracturing operations inject water, sand, and a cocktail of chemicals at high pressure into rock formations thousands of feet below the surface, opening existing fractures in the rock and allowing gas to rise through the wells. The practice makes drilling possible in areas that 10 to 20 years ago would not have been profitable, including parts of Colorado, which accounts for 6.2 percent of natural-gas produced in the US.

The concerns center mainly around the injected fluid. Most comes back to the surface, but 30 to 40 percent is never recovered, according to industry estimates.

The composition of hydraulic fracturing fluids is proprietary, and energy companies are vehement about the need to keep the contents secret to protect their competitive edge. That confidentiality is protected by the federal Energy Policy Act of 2005, which exempted hydraulic fracturing from regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act.

鈥淲e now use five to 10 鈥榝rac鈥� jobs per well, with up to 100 million gallons of fluid used per frac,鈥� says geologist Geoffrey Thyne of the University of Wyoming, whose analysis of the large gas fields around Divide Creek found elevated methane and chloride levels in groundwater samples.

鈥淭hey are injecting fluid that may or may not be hazardous into thousands of wells and not recovering all of it. We have to ask, what is in those fluids and where does the fluid go?鈥� says Mr. Thyne.

Theo Colborn, a leading researcher on the effects of toxins on the human endocrine system, has been trying to glean what is in the injection fluid.

Preliminary results of her study identify 65 chemicals that are probable components. She is urging that groundwater sampling be expanded to determine whether these chemicals or their byproducts are showing up in areas where hydraulic fracturing is being used.

鈥淲e know less and less about what chemicals are being used, but the ones that we do know are being used are very dangerous,鈥� says Dr. Colborn.

Chemicals such as benzene, glycol-ethers, toluene, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol, and nonylphenols were used in the fracturing fluids, her study found 鈥� all of which have been linked in previous research to health disorders when human exposure is too high.

Pushing for legislation
Colborn鈥檚 work and complaints from residents living near drilling operations are spurring policymakers to take a closer look at hydraulic fracturing. US Reps. Diana DeGette (D) and John Salazar (D), both of Colorado, have introduced legislation that would repeal the Safe Drinking Water Act exemption for hydraulic fracturing and force energy companies to reveal the contents of the fracturing fluids.

鈥淭here is little reason to continue the exemption,鈥� says Representative DeGette in a phone interview. 鈥淐ommunities have a right to know what is potentially threatening their water.鈥�

Energy industry officials say there鈥檚 no evidence that hydraulic fracturing contaminates groundwater or threatens public health.

鈥淭his is an answer in search of a problem,鈥� says Doug Hock, a spokesman for EnCana, the firm that is drilling near Bracken鈥檚 land. 鈥淐hemicals in themselves do not create risk; risk is created when the proper technology and procedures are not in place. We take very stringent precautions.鈥�

Colorado fined EnCana $371,000 鈥� the largest fine in state history for a drilling-related incident 鈥� after finding the company responsible for the 2004 gas seep in Divide Creek. But the state is allowing drilling to continue in the area.

The proposed federal legislation would only increase the regulatory burden on industry but do little to protect human health, suggests Dollis Wright, a public-health consultant who has conducted studies for the Colorado Oil and Gas Association. 鈥淭here are groups out there that are listing chemicals found in the fluids, and they always say such and such chemical causes cancer.

Well, just because a chemical is in the fluids does not mean it is going to get into your water. And if it gets into your water, it does not mean that it is going to cause harm,鈥� she says. 鈥淚t may have to be inhaled, rather than drunk, to cause the negative effects they cite.鈥�

Others argue the legislation is well past due. 鈥淚f you don鈥檛 know what you are looking for, it is hard to do analysis,鈥� says Susan Griffin, a toxicologist with the US Environmental Protection Agency in a phone interview. 鈥淭here are a lot of good scientific tools out there, but we need opportunities to apply them. Those opportunities don鈥檛 exist right now.鈥�

鈥楩racing鈥� to blame for explosion?

Ben Bounds, for one, would like additional assurances about fracing鈥檚 safety.

In the summer of 2007, methane seeped from his domestic well and exploded inside his pump house. The explosion lifted the pump-house roof off the frame and melted or singed everything inside. A few days later, a state inspector with a methane detector investigated the Bounds property in rural Huerfano County, at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.

鈥淲hen he opened the door to the garage, the detector went absolutely crazy,鈥� says Mr. Bounds.

While 50 methane drilling wells and active hydraulic fracturing operations are nearby, a lack of independent monitoring and testing has made it impossible to prove that fracing created pathways for methane to collect in Bounds鈥檚 domestic water system.

Bounds and his family immediately evacuated the home, and they鈥檝e had to evacuate many times since when detectors Bounds installed have signaled the presence of methane.

The state advised that Bounds not allow his grandchildren or any visitors to come to the property, and his insurance company has threatened to drop coverage. He has thought about simply
abandoning the home since he could not in good conscience sell the property.

鈥淲hy are they allowed to keep this a secret? That鈥檚 not right,鈥� Bounds says. 鈥淚t only seems like common sense to me that they would have to release the contents of those fluids and prove they aren鈥檛 causing problems.鈥�