海角大神

Have you heard the one where Ron Paul, Pat Robertson, and John Bolton walk into a bar? According to the 鈥�Mount Vernon Statement,鈥� the declaration of first principles signed yesterday at part of George Washington鈥檚 estate by conservatives of varied persuasions, the punch line would be 鈥淐onstitutional conservativism.鈥� Led by Edwin Meese, President Reagan鈥檚 attorney general, the collection of prominent economic, social, and 鈥渘ational security鈥� conservatives aimed to clarify and recommit themselves to conservativism鈥檚 bedrock political philosophy.聽

They modeled the project self-consciously on the 1960 Sharon Statement that ushered in "new conservativism" when the Young Americans for Freedom signed it at William F. Buckley Jr.鈥檚 estate in Sharon, Conn. Like those young activists, Frank Meyer's and Mr. Buckley鈥檚 vision of a theory able to 鈥渇use鈥� disparate American conservative ideologies inspired Meese and Co. The resulting mix of pabulum, historical revisionism, and internal inconsistency sheds light on enduring and contemporary tensions within American conservativism.

First, their argument. The main nugget of 鈥淐onstitutional conservatism鈥� is that America needs to return to the 鈥渓imited government based on the rule of law鈥� ideals of the Founders, who 鈥渟ought to secure national independence, provide for economic opportunity, establish true religious liberty and maintain a flourishing society of republican self-government.鈥�

In 鈥渞ecent decades,鈥� the statement continues 鈥淎merica鈥檚 principles have been undermined and redefined in our culture, our universities, and our politics,鈥� while the 鈥溾�渟elfevident [sic] truths of 1776 have been supplanted by the notion that no such truths exist.鈥� The signatories demand that the federal government respect Constitutional limits and apply the principle of limited government based on the rule of law to every proposal.聽

They round out their philosophy by arguing that these ideals, embodied in the 鈥渃onservatism of the Declaration,鈥� connect with the natural law tradition. Without this natural morality, the free market cannot operate; but with too big a government, 鈥渕oral self-government鈥� fails. Thus the connection between libertarians and social conservatives.

Thomas Jefferson would scoff at the characterization of the Declaration as 鈥渃onservative.鈥� American conservatives have always had a difficult ideological road to travel. They have to be conservative about the historically radical ideas of democracy, liberty, and individual rights. The result here is an odd reading of the Founders, federalism, and the Constitution.

The signatories call for a small federal government for the sake of small government, but the Founders were more concerned with small federal government for the sake of small central government, leaving the states broad authority to govern and grow as they wish. Dispersion of authority, arguably more than the size of the authority, was the point of the constitutional limits and the 10th Amendment, with its reservation to the states or the people any powers not expressly delegated to the federal government by Constitution.聽

As America grew more complex and interconnected, however, federal regulation made increasingly more sense as a means of securing national coordination and public goods, as exemplified in The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. But if the federal government and federal taxes shrunk down dramatically as Mt. Vernon supporters envision, most state and local governments 鈥� with the exception of Texas and a few of its conservative friends 鈥� would likely metastasize to fill in the regulatory and welfare gap, and we are left at square one. And the constitution, especially on their strict reading, would have little to say about this.

More important, the signatories imply that the limits of the Constitution present historical and political, rather than legal questions. The judiciary, however, is empowered to interpret the constitution. And from Chief Justice John Marshall on down, the Supreme Court has broadly interpreted the Commerce Clause, which allows the federal government to 鈥渞egulate Commerce 鈥� among the several States.鈥�

The federal government can rule on almost any issue that mildly affects interstate commerce, including, as we learned in Gonzales v. Raich, the home cultivation of marijuana for personal use. Healthcare, representing 1/6 of the economy, would be an even easier case of constitutional regulation. If we are to respect 鈥渢he rule of law鈥� above all, as the signatories admonish, well-established Supreme Court precedent is a good place to start.聽

Just because big government is constitutional, however, does not mean government must be big. What constitutes good political theory is a separate issue. On this point, the Mount Vernoners miss more directly, at least in terms of consistency. There鈥檚 a reason conservatives feel the urgent need to reassert fusionist principles: earlier efforts to braid the various threads of conservatism have repeatedly unraveled.聽

The inherent tensions of conservatism are more glaring today than in 1960. 海角大神 Right domestic policies and neoconservative foreign policy have little to do with small, unobtrusive government. The former鈥檚 mission is to use the government to curtail individual cultural and lifestyle choices. And an aggressive belief in the ability of the federal government to create gigantic institutions abroad 鈥� indeed, new governments 鈥� founds the latter.

The hard-core cold warriors involved with the Sharon Statement, with their opposition to illiberal totalitarianism, were more obvious bedfellows for a libertarian conservativism than neoconservatives. And as to the libertarians, why should they be enmeshed with a conservative cause that sees 海角大神 morality as the basis for economic development, when China and Singapore show that a free market can thrive in countries hostile to religion?聽

One reasonable response to this is that ideology is a process, these groups do identify with one another in some sense, and this presents a step in the direction of discovering potentially shared values. Fair enough. Burkean conservativism, however, and its commitment to organic social growth, rather than limited government based on the rule of law, might present more fertile common ground.聽

This statement, in the end, is really about Presidents Bush and Obama. Its lamentations of the values of 鈥渞ecent decades鈥� includes Mr. Bush鈥檚 eight momentous years and reveals the right鈥檚 now desperate attempt to find a way around that history, and return to Reagan.聽

As for Mr. Obama, the statement says, 鈥淚sn鈥檛 this idea of change an empty promise or even a dangerous deception? The change we urgently need, a change consistent with the American ideal, is not movement away from but toward our founding principles.鈥澛�

Obama is at an ideological breaking point. Whether his promised reforms represented new American values, as opposed to merely new American policies, was always the lingering question.聽

He attempted to sidestep the philosophy debate under the cover of 鈥減ragmatism.鈥� But that has failed politically.聽

Even if it鈥檚 mildly incoherent and historically inaccurate, the right has thrown down the ideological gauntlet. It is time Obama and the left clarify their own values. 聽聽

Jacob Bronsther, a law student at New York University and former Fulbright Scholar, writes for .

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