海角大神

Back in another time, journalist and Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Anne Applebaum and her husband, Rados艂aw Sikorski, threw a high-spirited New Year鈥檚 Eve party at their manor house in rural Poland to celebrate the turn of the millennium. Sikorski was then a deputy minister in the country鈥檚 center-right government, and his native homeland had become his American wife鈥檚 adopted one. The guests, a klatch of journalists, diplomats, and civil servants, belonged to a highbrow conservative crowd that shared a set of common beliefs: They were anti-Communist and pro-democracy, and they supported Poland鈥檚 entrance into the European Union.

Twenty years later, in her compelling new book 鈥淭wilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism,鈥� Applebaum writes that 鈥淚 would now cross the street to avoid some of the people who were at my New Year鈥檚 Eve party. They, in turn, would not only refuse to enter my house, they would be embarrassed to admit they had ever been there.鈥�

While the author and her husband have held tight to their core convictions, a number of their guests drifted further right to the nationalist Law and Justice party. The party鈥檚 standard-bearer, Andrzej Duda, just narrowly won reelection to a second term as Polish president after appealing to anti-immigrant, anti-EU, and anti-gay sentiment; during his first term, Law and Justice instituted antidemocratic measures that have gravely undermined the independence of the country鈥檚 judiciary and its media.

The question that animates this slim volume is personal for the author: Why have her former friends embraced Duda鈥檚 authoritarianism? The crude stereotype of the followers of authoritarian movements is that they live on the fringes, having been left behind by economic, demographic, and technological change. Her erstwhile acquaintances in Poland, however, are worldly, educated, and employed.聽

Applebaum is aware that, as she puts it, authoritarians 鈥渘eed members of the intellectual and educated elite ... who will help them launch a war on the rest of the intellectual and educated elite.鈥� Why, though, do the elites accept the gig? Poland, of course, is not the only country experiencing a rise in illiberal and antidemocratic political movements, and Applebaum extends her analysis to include Hungary, Spain, Britain, and yes, the United States.聽

There is no single reason that liberal democracy is in such a precarious state, Applebaum notes. In crisp, elegant prose, she explores several explanations, some of which readers may find familiar. She describes the emotional power of conspiracy theories and of simple narratives that encourage national unity against a common enemy, even if that enemy is often more imagined than real. In Hungary, for instance, the government of autocratic prime minister Viktor Orb谩n demonizes Muslim immigrants even though the country hardly has any thanks to exceedingly restrictive immigration laws.

Applebaum also cites the easy lure of a certain type of nostalgia, one that papers over the ambivalent legacies of the past. Nostalgists 鈥渨ant the cartoon version of history, and more importantly, they want to live in it, right now,鈥� she writes. She sees this type of longing as pivotal to the success of the Brexit campaign, some of whose proponents were fixated on returning England to its former preeminence on the global stage.

Finally, she observes that the intense fracturing of the media landscape, which encourages people to get their information from hyper-partisan and polarizing news sources, facilitates movement away from the political center. Many sources traffic in false stories and propaganda. 鈥淧eople have always had different opinions,鈥� she notes. 鈥淣ow they have different facts.鈥�

But for elites, Applebaum suggests, the support for illiberal democracies can often come down to simple opportunism. Those in Poland who鈥檝e stuck with Duda have seen their loyalty rewarded with lucrative and influential positions. Describing the director of Polish state television, she writes that he is less an ideologue than 鈥渁 man who wants the power and fame that he feels he has been unjustly denied.鈥�

The same dynamics are at play in America, according to Applebaum. She writes about her onetime acquaintance Laura Ingraham, who started out as a speechwriter for President Ronald Reagan鈥檚 administration and later swapped a career in law for one in right-wing media, where she pined for her own television show. Reagan famously spoke of America as a shining city on a hill, whereas President Donald Trump, asked on Fox News about his praise of Russian president Vladimir Putin, shot back, 鈥淵ou think our country鈥檚 so innocent?鈥� Applebaum believes Ingraham has undergone a similar transition in thought, writing that 鈥渁t some point her Reaganite optimism disappeared and slowly hardened into the apocalyptic pessimism shared by so many others.鈥� For Ingraham, Applebaum speculates, the calculation seems to be that if the America she sees 鈥� increasingly godless, losing its soul to immigrants, with no useful leadership role to play in the world 鈥� is no longer exceptional, why not look out for No. 1? Ingraham was an early and ardent supporter of Trump, and in 2017 she finally got her Fox show.