'The Road Not Taken' reveals the unexpected in Frost's most famous poem
Good poetry thrives on ambiguity. In The Road Not Taken, critic David Orr argues that Robert Frost鈥檚 oft-quoted poem about two paths diverging in a yellow wood remains so powerful precisely because it remains so ambiguous, and that the differing interpretations this ambiguity has allowed for tell us many things鈥攏ot just about Frost鈥檚 poem but about American culture and what it means to be a modern self.
Citing the frequency of Google searches as evidence, Orr argues that Frost鈥檚 鈥淭he Road Not Taken鈥� 鈥渕ay be the most popular piece of literature ever written by an American.鈥� In particular, the poem鈥檚 final three lines 鈥� 鈥淭wo roads diverged in a wood, and I 鈥� / I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference鈥� 鈥� are recited by schoolchildren, parroted by politicians, and intoned in commercials.
Orr鈥檚 interest lies less in the frequency with which these lines are quoted than in the contradictory interpretations to which they have given rise. In the more popular, na茂ve reading, 鈥淭he Road Not Taken鈥� is 鈥渁 paean to triumphant self-assertion,鈥� a celebration of the speaker鈥檚 choice to boldly go where few men have gone before. In the more sophisticated, ironic reading, however, the poem satirizes this heroic vision of the self.
At the beginning of the poem, after all, we are told that the two roads aren鈥檛 all that different. As Orr puts it, the speaker claims that his decision 鈥渕ade 鈥榓ll the difference鈥� only because this is the kind of claim we make when we want to comfort or blame ourselves by assuming that our current position is the product of our own choices.鈥�
In one reading of the poem, Frost offers 鈥渁 salute to can-do individualism鈥�; in the other, he offers 鈥渁 commentary on the self-deception we practice when constructing the story of our lives.鈥�
Which of these readings is correct? Orr claims that this is the wrong question to ask. The second, jaded reading is more correct 鈥� it鈥檚 the one that Frost himself claimed to have intended 鈥� but it鈥檚 not the only possible reading. Orr is fascinated by why so many have read this poem so positively for so long, and what this fact reveals about the American soul.
"The Road Not Taken" consists of four major parts. In 鈥淭he Poet,鈥� Orr offers a potted if punchy biography of Frost: his early struggles; his sudden ascension to fame at the age of forty with the 1914 publication of "North of Boston"; his tendency towards cruelty and megalomania 鈥� traits that belie Frost鈥檚 popular image as a folksy country wise man. In the second section, entitled 鈥淭he Poem,鈥� Orr traces, in fine detail, how Frost makes such a short, seemingly simple lyric bear so much weight.
The book鈥檚 final two sections show why 鈥淭he Road Not Taken鈥� has resonated so powerfully within American culture. 鈥淎merican optimism,鈥� Orr writes, 鈥渋s rooted in American confidence in individual decision making,鈥� and this poem, above all else, embodies the philosophical problem of choice. Do we make decisions for ourselves, or are our lives determined by forces鈥攈istorical and cognitive鈥攂eyond us?
Parts of "The Road Not Taken" are a bit thin, as if it were a magazine article stretched out to book length. (Orr is a poetry critic for The New York Times.) The middle section in particular relies far too heavily on summaries of cognitive science research. This is too bad. Orr doesn鈥檛 need neuroscience to make Frost鈥檚 work sexy; his own analysis 鈥� lucid, intelligent, and persuasive 鈥� is enough.
In the book鈥檚 most exciting sections, Orr uses a powerful critical tool: the counterfactual. Again and again, he asks, how might this poem have been written differently? What if Frost had chosen this word instead of that?
In imagining the poetic road that Frost did not take, Orr helps us to understand more powerfully the road that he did take. When considering the titular poem鈥檚 conclusion, for example, Orr writes two alternate endings, one purely optimistic and another purely pessimistic.
This thought experiment reminds us that Frost chose neither such ending. 鈥淭he Road Not Taken鈥� isn鈥檛 the clich茅d defense of individualism that it鈥檚 often read to be, but it isn鈥檛 simply a satire on how we justify our decisions ex post facto, either. Rather, the poem exists in the space between these two readings. It forces us to hold different stances towards matters of ultimate concern: the nature and possibility of choice; how we live and narrate a life.
In Orr鈥檚 reading, 鈥淭he Road Not Taken鈥� is less about a single choice than about the nature of choice itself. It鈥檚 less about a road than about a crossroad 鈥� a place of the 鈥渂etwixt and between鈥� that is 鈥渘either here nor there; it is a possibility.
