海角大神

The White House may be the best-known building in the world. What is little known today is that shortly after the Second World War, having been weakened by decades of neglect, it almost collapsed. The fascinating story of how such an iconic structure fell into disrepair and how it was saved is the subject of Robert Klara鈥檚 latest book, The Hidden White House: Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America鈥檚 Most Famous Residence.

For most of the nation鈥檚 history, little attention was paid to the physical integrity of the White House itself. The mansion was largely rebuilt twice, first after the British burned it during the War of 1812, and then again in 1902, under the direction of President Theodore Roosevelt. But after that, few changes were made and even basic upkeep, especially of the first family鈥檚 living quarters, was largely ignored. According to Klara, when Bess Truman initially saw her new home she found it dingy, in disrepair, and infested by rats. Even the usher who showed her around said that the place looked like 鈥渁n abandoned hotel.鈥澛�

By 1948, things were plainly dangerous. In one dramatic incident, a huge chandelier in the East Room almost collapsed during a reception and in another, the leg of Margret Truman鈥檚 piano fell through floor of her bedroom. Quick investigations of these incidents painted an alarming picture. One report noted that 鈥渢he second floor was unsafe and almost in danger of falling down.鈥� The beams of the house were 鈥渂one dry, brittle and laced with cracks.鈥� The head of the government鈥檚 Public Buildings Administration admitted that the White House was not safe for human habitation and wrote that 鈥渢he beams are staying up there from force of habit only.鈥澛�

But despite the obvious hazards, the Trumans remained in residence. The reason was political 鈥� Truman鈥檚 uphill battle for reelection might have been fatally undermined if word had gotten out that the White House was collapsing around him.聽

Any pretense about the severity of the problems was abandoned after the election. The building was quickly closed to visitors and, when the Trumans relocated to Blair House, The Washington Post proclaimed 鈥淲hite House on the Verge of Collapse.鈥� This was no minor remodeling; Klara calls it, to use a contemporary term, a 鈥済ut remodel.鈥� When confronted with the $5.6 million price tag, some in Congress wanted to tear down the venerable building and simply construct a replacement.聽聽聽

To save the structure, everything but the four exterior walls was demolished and a steel frame was built into the structure to support the walls and the roof. The exterior walls themselves had to be propped up while a foundation was constructed underneath them to help carry the great weight of the building.聽

This being Washington, the construction took longer than expected and political intrigue was a constant. And, as with any home renovation project, unexpected problems suddenly emerged: After the Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb, engineers were ordered to add a bomb shelter. Costs rose and, when Congress declined to provide more resources, the project ran out of money.聽聽聽聽

As a result, elaborate plans for an appropriate interior with fine furnishings were abandoned. Furniture was scrounged from any reasonable source with no thought to authenticity or appropriateness, leaving the White House with a 鈥渂udget-hotel look鈥� that would last until Jackie Kennedy undertook her highly successful and greatly admired restoration project.聽

In this marvelous book, Truman is both a hero and a villain. Klara gives him full credit for the preservation of the White House 鈥� without him, the building might well have been wrecked. But, at the same time, Truman made serious compromises. Most notably, many of the original doors, windows, mantelpieces, moldings and wood paneling were carefully packed away to be reinstalled. But because the restoration of the original materials was labor- and time-intensive, most of the original interiors were later discarded in favor of modern reproductions. Some of the priceless materials were used for other purposes 鈥� large parts of the original floor became a roller rink at a nearby army base 鈥� and the rest were simply sent to a landfill.聽聽

This book is popular history at its best: a little-known but compelling story told by an excellent writer. One hopes it gets widespread attention because it teaches much about the history of this priceless landmark and serves as a reminder of how close we came to losing it. It also provides a valuable reminder of how the decisions we make about historic treasures today will affect the way that generations yet unborn experience them in the future.聽

Terry Hartle is senior vice president of government relations for the American Council on Education.