海角大神

By Isabelle de Pommereau
Correspondent
Frankfurt

Leopold Engleitner鈥檚 blue eyes still burn bright. Last month, the 103-year-old traveled to Frankfurt, from his home in Austria to tell his story at the world鈥檚 largest publishing event. Mr. Engleitner, a former farmer from the Salzburg region, is a Jehovah鈥檚 Witness.

And he is the oldest living survivor of the Holocaust.

At first no one seemed interested in the facts of his life, which included an unwavering faith and enduring internments in the Buchenwald, Wewelsburg, and Ravensbrueck camps run by German Nazis. Then a young Austrian filmmaker met Engleitner by chance and ended up listening to his stories for hours on end.

The filmmaker, Berhnard Rammerstorfer, was captivated by what he heard and eventually dropped everything he was doing to write Engleitner鈥檚 biography.

鈥淲hat impressed me was that a simple farmer had the courage to withstand Hitler, to refuse to go to war although millions of people did go to war, that he had the strength to adhere to his own conscience,鈥� says Mr. Rammerstorfer.

He first published 鈥淯nbroken Will: The Extraordinary Courage of an Ordinary Man,鈥� in German in 1999. It was republished this year, and an English edition is scheduled to be released in 2009.

Walter Manoschek, a political scientist at the University of Vienna who has worked on a project sponsored by the Austrian government to rehabilitate Austrian victims of the Nazi regime, says that Engleitner鈥檚 story brings to life one of the least-known groups of Nazi victims that also included Gypsies, homosexuals, political prisoners, and the mentally and physically disabled.

A 鈥榮ystematic resistance鈥�
Nazis targeted Jehovah鈥檚 Witnesses mainly because as religious conscientious objectors they eschew swearing an oath to any earthly authority and refused to serve in the German Army. Refusal to serve under Hitler was regarded as treason, punishable by death. Among the 3,200 Witnesses interned in concentration camps, thousands were killed, according to historians.

Unlike other groups 鈥� most notably, of course, millions of Jews 鈥� they could have walked out free had they agreed to renounce their faith.

鈥淭he Jehovah鈥檚 Witnesses鈥� systematic resistance as a collective group is something very unique,鈥� says Professor Manoschek. 鈥淢ost people [laugh] at the old-fashioned way in which they try to bring religion to people鈥檚 houses. But it鈥檚 important for people to know what happened to them during the Nazi time.鈥�

Engleitner鈥檚 principles set him apart from others beginning early in his life.

As the son of a sawmill worker growing up in Bad Ischl, the 鈥渆mperor鈥檚 village,鈥� in the early 1900s, he and his schoolmates would often encounter Franz Joseph, the emperor, who vacationed there. The gap between the royal wealth and his own family鈥檚 poverty angered the young Engleitner.

After the effects of World War I had decimated his village he vowed never to fight in a war. To overcome hunger, he left school at 13, built a small house for himself, and eked out a living crafting skis, among other things. Later, his mistrust of established authority led him to abandon Catholicism and join the Jehovah鈥檚 Witnesses.

鈥淧eople spat at me,鈥� Engleitner says of the reaction to his adopted faith.

Soon after Germany annexed Austria in April 1938, the Gestapo tracked Engleitner down at a secret Bible-reading meeting. The SS men brandished a piece of paper in his face. It was a declaration that he agreed to renounce his faith and was willing to enlist in Hitler鈥檚 Army. Along with the document came a verbal threat.

鈥� 鈥業f you sign this paper, you can go home,鈥� 鈥� Engleitner recounts. 鈥� 鈥業f not, you鈥檙e under arrest, and you know what will happen to you.鈥� 鈥�

Engleitner refused to sign.

鈥淚 wouldn鈥檛 take the easy way out,鈥� Engleitner told the audience at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October. His faith, he said, is what helped him not yield to pressure 鈥� and what kept him alive.

His sense of humor was also on display in Frankfurt when he recounted his dealings with Gestapo officials at the Buchenwald camp.

鈥� 鈥楨ngleitner, Engleitner! I鈥檓 warning you for the last time!鈥� 鈥� he said, mimicking the SS official. 鈥� 鈥業f you continue to object to military service, then you already have both feet in the grave.鈥� 鈥�

Engleitner鈥檚 reply elicited laughter from a rapt audience. 鈥淚f I鈥檝e already got both feet in the grave just standing here,鈥� he said, 鈥渨hat on earth will it be like on the front line? Or do they shoot with candy out there?鈥�

The 鈥淟ittle Austrian,鈥� as the Nazis called him, did walk out of the camps four years later 鈥� but for a different reason: The Nazis had come to value the Jehovah鈥檚 Witnesses鈥� work ethics.

鈥淚f appropriate tasks are chosen, no supervision will be necessary, since they will not try to run away,鈥� Heinrich Himmler wrote in 1943 about the Jehovah鈥檚 Witnesses, according to official documents cited in Engleitner鈥檚 biography. 鈥淭hey can be left to work on their own and will prove themselves the most efficient administrators and workers.鈥�

A 65-lb. Engleitner was set free in exchange for promising to work in agriculture only. It wasn鈥檛 until the American forces intervened that Engleitner was able to get another job, in the roads department of St. Wolfgang, near Salzburg, where he continued working until he retired聽 in 1969.

Life after the war wasn鈥檛 easy. 鈥淲e [Jehovah鈥檚 Witnesses] were always treated as second-class citizens and lumped together with the work-shy and criminal elements,鈥� Engleitner says.
His parents, he says, never accepted his religion. Few seemed to care about his triumph.

鈥淗e tried to talk about his story, but no one listened,鈥� says Rammerstorfer.

Rammerstorfer, too, had hurdles to overcome in retelling Engleitner鈥檚 story. When no publisher came forward, he published the book with his own money.

鈥淚n the face of our historical responsibility, I am sparing no effort to document the crimes of the Nazi regime,鈥� he says.

But his real motive in writing the book was to share Engleitner鈥檚 ideals of tolerance, humanity, and respect for others.

That message wasn鈥檛 lost at the book fair in Frankfurt. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a great lesson to feel it鈥檚 possible for a human being to be free inside when you鈥檙e oppressed,鈥� says Svetlana Protsenko of Moscow, who had left her own stand at the fair to hear Engleitner talk.

鈥淔or people who have suffered from totalitarian regimes,鈥� she says, 鈥渋t鈥檚 important to ... keep your beliefs, ideas, and moral standards.鈥�

A transformative response
Today Engleitner experiences a new kind of response to his unwavering faith.

In St. Wolfgang, he became a bit of a local celebrity. The Austrian government, too, took notice, inviting him to tour schools and universities to share his story and talk about nonviolent resistance to oppression.

At 97, he undertook the 500-mile journey to speak to an audience in Wewelsburg, where he had been interned more than 50 years before.

And two years ago, Rammerstorfer and Engleitner toured the United States, drawing crowds at Columbia University in New York and at the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust, among other places.

Although Engleitner says he is not bitter about all that he has endured, the honors he has received over the past few years have restored his faith in people.

鈥淭hey transformed me from a persecuted, despised, concentration-camp internee and a cowardly conscientious objector to a completely rehabilitated man who is even regarded as an example to others,鈥� he says.

鈥淚n the past, this would have been unthinkable,鈥� Engleitner adds. 鈥淭hat people鈥檚 attitudes should change so dramatically is something I would never have believed possible.鈥�