Signals mount that a new El Ni帽o is gathering steam
he central tropical Pacific is in hot water. That means El Ni帽o is knocking.
Five years after the onset of the most intense El Ni帽o on record, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Prediction Center (CPC) are once again tracking conditions that herald another event.
Yet for all the improvements in detecting its signals, the phenomenon remains a forecasting challenge, researchers say.
"The El Ni帽o-Southern Oscillation is probably the most predictable large-scale climate fluctuation on the planet, but our crystal ball is still blurry," acknowledges Michael McPhaden, a research meteorologist at NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle.
Forecasters monitoring the tropical Pacific first noticed El Ni帽o's feeble signals about the middle of last year, according to Vernon Kousky, a research meteorologist at the CPC.
"Things crept along until the end of last year, but now we're seeing more rapid development," he says. Unusually warm sea-surface temperatures are being recorded in the central tropical Pacific as a vast pool of warm water heads east.
This week, the CPC issued an El Ni帽o update indicating that during the next few weeks, waters off Peru and Ecuador should begin to warm, with El Ni帽o reaching full strength sometime within the next three months - although no one has any idea yet how strong it will be.
Formally known as the El Ni帽o-Southern Oscillation, the pattern repeats every four to five years. (See chart for explanation of how the phenomenon occurs.) An El Ni帽o can last for 12 to 18 months.
While El Ni帽o has its most pronounced effect on the tropical Pacific and nearby regions, its reach is worldwide. By one estimate, the United States experienced an economic gain during the 1997-98 El Ni帽o of $16 billion and 650 fewer fatalities than might have otherwise occurred, because El Ni帽o brought milder than normal winters and suppressed the formation of Atlantic hurricanes.
Globally, however, researchers estimate that the event triggered $36 billion in damage and killed 22,000 people.
Thus, issues of strength, timing, and regional impact weigh heavily on researchers. The hope is that improved forecasts, properly used, can help reduce casualties and damage.
"Compared with the previous two or three events, 1997 proved very challenging," says Stephen Zebiak, director of modeling and prediction at the International Research Institute for Climate Prediction (IRI) at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, N.Y. "The magnitude was unprecedented and took forecasters by surprise. And our inability to anticipate changes more than a few months in advance was a problem."
Research that could improve the forecasts is focusing on the long-term and short-term patterns that affect air and sea circulation in the tropical Pacific.
One puzzle has been the rise of more frequent, more intense, and longer-lasting El Ni帽os since the mid-1970s.
Analyzing wind and water-current data collected between 1950 and 1999, Dr. McPhaden and colleague Dongxiao Zhang document a slowdown in Pacific Ocean circulation patterns that drive warm water from the tropics to higher latitudes, where it cools, sinks, and returns to the equator. There, upwelling drives the water back to the surface to be heated and to repeat the cycle.
This slowdown, reported in today's issue of the journal Nature, began in the 1970s, the two calculate. As a result, the reduced upwelling has allowed water temperatures at the surface along the equator to rise by about 0.8 degrees C.
This longer-term change could account for the trend in stronger El Ni帽os, which would have been nurtured in water already undergoing long-term warming. What isn't clear, the team notes, is whether this change is a result of global warming or natural variability. Records are too short, they say, to yield any clues.
Researchers also are becoming increasingly attuned to the importance of regional climate patterns that can mask or intensify El Ni帽o's farflung effects.
Typically, forecasters expect increased rainfall in equatorial East Africa, drought in Southern Africa, and weak summer monsoons in India during an El Ni帽o. In the 1997-98 episode, however, Kenya, Somalia, and Ethiopia got much more rain than expected. Lake Victoria's water level rose nearly two meters. Drought didn't materialize in Southern Africa, and India was drenched.
The key may lie in the Indian Ocean basin. In 1999, researchers at IRI and the University of Colorado at Boulder published studies showing the Indian Ocean to have its own El Ni帽o-like cycle. The timing of the changes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans produced the unexpected effects.
The work has prompted calls to deploy a network of buoys similar to the Tau-Triton array, which stretches across the tropical Pacific. Such buoys, which gather atmospheric and oceanographic data, allow forecasters to monitor conditions and provide the long-term database researchers can use to tease out patterns and trends.
r E-mail: spottsp@csps.com
Late 1800s
Fishermen coin the name El Ni帽o to refer to the periodic warm waters that appear off the coasts of Peru and Ecuador around Christmas.
1928
Sir Walter Gilbert describes the Southern Oscillation, the seesaw pattern of atmospheric pressure between the eastern and western Pacific Ocean.
1957
Scientists learn that El Ni帽o affects the entire Pacific Ocean.
1969
Jacob Bjorknes, of the University of California, Los Angeles, links the Southern Oscillation to El Ni帽o.
1975
Klaus Wyriki, of the University of Hawaii, establishes that an eastward flow of warm surface waters from the western Pacific causes sea surface temperatures to rise in the eastern Pacific.
1976
Researchers use a computer model to demonstrate that winds over the far western equatorial Pacific can cause sea surface temperature changes off Peru.
1982
A severe El Ni帽o develops in an unexpected manner but its evolution is recorded in detail with newly deployed ocean buoys.
1985
Several nations launch the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program, a 10-year study of tropical oceans and the global atmosphere.
1986
Researchers design the first coupled model of ocean and atmosphere that accurately predicts an El Ni帽o event in 1986.
1988
Researchers explain how the lag between a change in the winds and the response of the ocean influences termination of El Ni帽o and the onset of La Ni帽a.
1996-1997
The array of instruments monitoring the Pacific, plus coupled ocean-atmosphere models, enable scientists to warn the public of an impending El Ni帽o.
r Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, PMEL, TAO
